International Maritime Transport and Logistic Journal
About MARLOG journal The International Maritime Transport and Logistics Conference (MARLOG) is an open access, peer-reviewed journal publishes the proceedings of International Maritime Transport and Logistics Conference (MARLOG) which organized by The Arab Academy for Science, Technology, and Maritime Transport (AASTMT) since 2011. The journal is published once a year based on the articles submitted to MARLOG conference. Focus and Scope Each MARLOG conference has its own theme which differs from a year to other. However, the main scope the conference is maritime transport and logistics. The journal presents research articles, case studies and reviews focusing on all aspects of the international maritime transport and business logistics and any other related fields. MARLOG journal accepts a high quality contributions from both aspects; academic and professional. All articles submitted to MARLOG are a subject of peer-review by the technical committee of each conference, in addition to the permanent editorial board of the journal. Subject areas suitable for publication include, but are not limited to the following fields: Maritime transport Business logistics Maritime transport economics Supply chain management Sustainable development Digital transformation in maritime transport and logistics
Arab Academy for Science and Technology and Maritime Transport (AASTMT)
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THE ADOPTION OF SMART PORT TRANSFORMATION IN EGYPTIAN PORTS: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The rapid advancement of digital technologies has transformed the global maritime industry, with many ports adopting smart port technology to enhance operational efficiency, sustainability, and safety. However, the readiness of Egyptian ports for smart port transformation has not been comprehensively explored. This study aims to assess the readiness of Egyptian commercial ports for smart transformation, focusing on key areas such as human resource development, automation, sustainability, safety, and cybersecurity. A significant gap exists in the literature regarding the specific challenges Egyptian ports face, including operational, technical, environmental, and human resources-related limitations. Using a qualitative deductive approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with port managers, experts, and stakeholders to gather insights into the current state of smart port implementation in Egypt. Thematic analysis of the interview data revealed that significant progress has been made in port automation, aided by technologies like the Terminal Operating System (TOS). However, human resource development remains a major challenge, with training deficits and resistance to change hindering progress. While cybersecurity in Egyptian ports is a relative strength, further investment is needed to address evolving threats. In terms of sustainability, there has been progress, but more efforts are required, particularly in waste management and the adoption of green technologies. Additionally, the integration of port communities continues to be an obstacle, with a need for improved system standards and coordination through digital solutions such as a single-window system. The study concludes that for Egyptian ports to successfully transition to smart ports, targeted investments in infrastructure, sustainability initiatives, and human resource development are essential. Enhanced collaboration among stakeholders via digital platforms is also crucial for optimizing processes and improving the global competitiveness of Egyptian ports.
ANALYZING VULNERABILITIES IN THE OIL AND GAS SUPPLY CHAIN OF OMAN VIA FMEA
The complex nature of operations in the oil and gas sector makes it highly exposed to risks that might impact its overall performance. Maintaining the industry's competitive edge and ensuring the efficiency of supply chain operations requires proper risk identification and management. This paper focuses on the study of the risks associated with the oil and gas supply chain in Oman. This study uses the Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) approach to evaluate the risks associated with several stages of the supply chain in Oman's oil and gas sector, such as exploration, drilling, production, transportation, storage, refinement, and distribution. As a structured methodology for mitigating risks and improving supply chain reliability, FMEA systematically identifies and prioritizes potential failure modes. To do this, interviews were conducted with four experts from two distinct Omani-based oil and gas companies, utilizing their knowledge and experience with supply chain operations and associated risks. According to the results obtained, drilling and transportation emerge as the riskiest activity in the Omani oil and gas supply chain, while exploration is rated the least risky. This study advances the knowledge of supply chain risk management in the oil and gas sector by demonstrating the effectiveness of the FMEA technique for detecting and mitigating supply chain hazards. The study's findings are important for supply chain managers and industry experts in Oman's oil and gas industry, as they can help improve risk mitigation approaches and overall supply chain efficiency.
The establishment of a major logistics hub, such as an Amazon facility, in Oman presents significant economic opportunities and logistical advantages. However, this venture is complex and requires careful consideration of various factors. This research investigates the feasibility of establishing an Amazon Logistics Hub in Oman by examining the strengths and weaknesses of Oman's logistics infrastructure, evaluating relevant regulations, and assessing regional market potential for Amazon products. The study employs a mixed-method approach, utilizing surveys, interviews, SWOT analysis, and comparative analysis with existing hubs, such as Jebel Ali in Dubai. Key findings show that while Oman's advantageous position and advanced infrastructure offer substantial advantages, a number of issues still need to be resolved. These include market demand, competitive dynamics within the region, and regulatory compliance. Although the logistics industry in Oman is changing, a world-class logistics hub must be supported by advancements in technology and infrastructure. The study comes to the conclusion that strategic investments and organisational changes could enable the establishment of an Amazon logistics centre in Oman. There are a lot of potential advantages, including increased supply chain efficiency, job development, and economic diversification. But getting past legal obstacles, improving infrastructure, and strategically entering the local market are all necessary for success. This report offers stakeholders and policy makers a strategic framework by shedding light on the prospects and challenges of creating a logistics hub in Oman.
PROPOSING A FRAMEWORK FOR ESTABLISHING A GREEN ENERGY LOGISTIC HUB: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY IN EGYPT
The International Energy Agency (IEA) has emphasized the opportunity to create "hydrogen hubs" to reduce costs associated with low-carbon hydrogen pathways. A "hub" is a region capable of aggregating hydrogen demand, typically found in coastal industrial clusters or near ports. The development of these hubs is seen as a vital step toward expanding the hydrogen economy. This research aims proposing a framework for establishing a green energy logistic hub in Egypt. The suggested Framework is developed based on the Australian Hydrogen Hubs Study (ARUP 2019) [1], which has identified seventeen critical variables for establishing a hydrogen hub. The main focus of this paper is to analysis each variable based on the previous theoretical and empirical studies and map this analysis on Egyptian context through carrying out some technical interviews with Egyptian experts in the energy sector. The main outputs of these studies and the interviews lead to the development of a conceptual framework that includes assessment criteria to support decision- making. The developed conceptual framework will be used to study the feasibility of establishing Hydrogen Hub in one of the Egyptian ports in particular Gargoup Port.
UNLOCKING THE FUTURE: HOW BLOCKCHAIN INFLUENCES SUSTAINABLE SUPPLY CHAIN PERFORMANCE: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON THE MARITIME INDUSTRY
Today, the digital world is seeing great technological advancements. Although block chain appears to be an emerging trend, it is still in its early stages in Egypt, particularly in the maritime supply chain. The purpose of this study is to investigate the adoption of block chain as a disruptive technology in sustainable supply chain performance by taking sustainable development goals (SDGs) as a moderator and sustainable competitive advantage as a mediator. An online survey was utilized as a technique to gather data in a quantitative manner. A total of 312 participants from the Egyptian maritime transport industry participated through convenience sampling. Using SPSS20.0, the survey is analyzed using regression analysis. Results showed a significant impact of the adoption of blockchain technology (BCT) on the sustainable supply chain performance (SSCP) through the partial mediation of the Sustainable competitive Advantage (SCA), furthermore a positive moderation role of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of the UN was found catalyzing the relationship. The study contributes to increasing literature on Block chain technology in general, and fills a gap on the Egyptian maritime context in particular. Finally, it provides decision makers at maritime with useful guidelines on how to optimally promote Block chain applications among employees.
A STUDY OF PASSIVE FLOW ON NATO-GD SHIP MODEL AIRWAKE USING COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS
This study focuses on numerically analysing the passive flow control method for manipulating air wakes on the NATO-GD ship model using detached eddy simulation (DES). The numerical techniques are verified through comparison with experimental data obtained from the NATO-GD baseline. To develop the flow control model, the hanger base of the original NATO-GD ship model is altered by incorporating a curved roof edge. The findings indicate distinct performances in vortex structure on the flight deck between the two cases, along with variations in turbulent characteristics. Specifically, the results demonstrate that the curved roof edge directs flow more effectively towards the low- speed area (LSA) on the deck, leading to improved reduction of flow recirculation and enhanced recovery of streamwise velocity. How-ever, this modification also results in higher levels of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) in the air wake.
The Impact of climate change on Mombasa city and port activities
The research examines the effects of climate change on Mombasa city and port by utilizing indices such as Rainfall Deciles (RD), Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), and Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI), while also evaluating the trends in temperature and precipitation variations. The drought indices were analyzed in Mombasa, alongside the Mann-Kendall test, to assess trends in the data from 1980 to 2024, emphasizing substantial disruptions to port throughput and infrastructure due to rising temperatures and extended droughts. Simultaneously, SPI and RDI values exhibited a correlation, demonstrating approximately analogous results throughout the entire study period. The results highlight the necessity for climate-resilient infrastructure and water management strategies to guarantee operational efficiency at Mombasa port. Future research is necessary to investigate the socioeconomic effects of climate change on Mombasa City and its port.
A PROPOSED WORKFLOW TO FOSTERING ACADEMIC TEACHING PRACTICES USING GENERATIVE AI CHATBOTS: MARINE ELECTRIFICATION AS A GUIDE COURSE EXAMPLE
This paper proposes a systematic workflow for integrating generative AI Chatbots into academic teaching practices. The "Marine " course has been employed as an example guide to verify the generic framework and then explore this integration's potential benefits and challenges. The proposed workflow is divided into four sub-frames; Before-Teaching, During-Teaching, After-Teaching and finally Keep-Connecting. For each frame, guided prompt examples are demonstrated; facilitating the effectiveness of this approach not only in the context of the given course but also can be tailored for any other academic courses. A list of suggested guidelines for educators to leverage the proposed approach is also introduced. This work aims to contribute to the recent development of best practices to utilize generative AI to provide insights into effective pedagogical approaches to enhance academic staff teaching experiences.
UTILIZATIONS OF MOBILE APPLICATIONS IN MARITIME SEARCH AND RESCUE OPERATIONS
Maritime transportation forms a fundamental pillar of international trade and the global economy. More than 80% of goods trade in the world is carried out using sea transport, with that percentage being a bit higher for developing countries. In this regard, the various operational aspects applying to ship operators and technical managers in their respective duties are extremely complex and continually changing, such as the effective management of timeliness inspection and inventory management. Mobile applications have contributed to significant improvements in efficiency and effectiveness in maritime search and rescue (SAR) operations. They provide a platform for coordination and information exchange among different authorities designated, following the relay of a distress message to make for prompt efficient response within inshore areas and territorial waters. The main aim of this study is to investigate the adoption of mobile applications in the maritime industry, with priority focus on search and rescue (SAR) operations. The study uses a qualitative approach to evaluate the existing gaps in SAR practices within the territory of Egypt. In addition, the study advocates making a collaborative mobile application and network coverage within local mobile operators to be used together by concerned authorities and individuals in distress. The suggested mobile application is expected to have considerable impact in terms of responsiveness and effectiveness of SAR operations.
LAYOUT OPTIMIZATION FOR OFFSHORE WIND FARMS CONSTRUCTION IN EGYPT: ACHIEVING MAXIMUM ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Offshore wind farms are becoming increasingly widespread due to the vast ocean coverage and their potential for efficient energy generation in unobstructed areas. They represent a promising renewable energy source with minimal environmental impact, addressing global energy demands, climate change, energy supply challenges, and rising costs. A numerical study, employing a two-dimensional unsteady simulation, was conducted for an offshore wind farm along the Egyptian Mediterranean coast to determine the optimal spacing between turbines for maximum efficiency. The findings indicate that the enhanced model, with a layout of 4.8 rotor diameters along the x-axis and 3.2 rotor diameters along the y-axis, achieved an optimal configuration. This layout resulted in a performance increase of approximately 3% and a reduction in surface area occupancy by 16.3% compared to an existing offshore wind farm.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SCHEDULE FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLE IN AL-SOKHNA PORT
Intelligent transportation systems and the use of electric vehicles in ports can have a positive impact on the environment by reducing emissions and promoting sustainability. It is important to note that the specific environmental impact would depend on various factors, including the scale of implementation, the efficiency of the charging infrastructure, and the overall energy mix used for electricity generation in the region. This paper examines the environmental effects of optimizing the transportation scheduling of Electric Vehicles (EVs) at Al-Sokhna port. It employs the Discrete Water Cycle Optimization Algorithm (DWCOA) to establish the best schedule, capacity, and routes for the EVs. The mathematical modelling of the system is detailed, covering its objective function, boundary values, conditions, limitations, and constraints. The optimization algorithm and system are implemented using Matlab. The study, focused on Al-Sokhna port, reveals several significant outcomes, including a reduction in emissions, decreased noise pollution, improved energy efficiency, enhanced integration of renewable energy, and a shift in transportation modes.
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF ATMOSPHERIC WATER GENERATORS USING BUCKINGHAM PI THEOREM AND DIMENSIONLESS ANALYSIS
Access to clean drinking water remains a global challenge, exacerbated by population growth, urbanization, and climate change. This issue is particularly critical in maritime environments, where ships, ports, and offshore facilities face limited access to freshwater resources. Atmospheric Water Generators (AWGs), which extract water from air humidity, offer a sustainable solution. Rising demand for AWGs in regions such as the Middle East and Asia Pacific highlights their importance in addressing water scarcity. The present study presents the development of an AWG prototype using the Vapor Compression Cycle (VCC), designed to enhance water production efficiency and minimize energy consumption. The system integrates a PCB and DHT-22 sensors to monitor temperature and humidity, with data collected via Arduino and displayed using LabVIEW. To ensure a fair comparison with similar AWG systems, Buckingham Pi Theorem was applied for dimensionless analysis, normalizing variables such as temperature, humidity, air velocity, surface area, and water collection rate. The performance of the developed prototype was systematically compared to other AWG systems from the literature, all evaluated under similar average environmental conditions of 22–24°C temperature and 60–63% relative humidity. Reported performance metrics from studies on AWG systems indicate water generation rates ranging between 0.95 and 1.78 L/hr, with energy consumption values of 0.75– 0.84 kWh/L. In contrast, the developed AWG prototype demonstrated a water generation rate of 2.1 L/hr with an energy consumption of 0.73 kWh/L, showing significantly improved performance. These results validate the efficiency of the improved design and demonstrate its superiority under equivalent conditions. The findings underscore the potential of the developed AWG prototype to advance AWG technology, providing a sustainable solution to water scarcity in maritime contexts while conserving energy and minimizing reliance on external water sources.
ENHANCING CONNECTIVITY AND SUSTAINABILITY: LEVERAGING AI IN PASSENGER TERMINALS OF PORT CITIES IN EGYPT
Port Said and Alexandria are two of the most important Egyptian port cities, but their passenger terminals suffer from multiple problems including the quality of infrastructure and communication systems. They have all had negative repercussions on the traveler experience and perception. The core problem is based on the traditional management techniques used in these terminals, which creates isolated and segmented environments. Moreover, the terminals are not designed to incorporate natural elements and sustainable aspects into their design; therefore, the disparities between the port terminals and their surrounding urban environments are striking. This study will thus, seek to improve Egyptian port passenger terminals by focusing on the incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) in a novel way. The primary goals and objectives include enhancing information and communication technologies in terminal spaces to support use and occupancy and designing intelligent environment that comprises of natural elements for growth of sustainable structure. These goals target the current problems concerning port terminal operations and are in compliance with current environmental objectives. The adopted research method is analytical-descriptive, collecting both qualitative and quantitative data to evaluate the current terminal operations and facilities. In this respect, performance evaluation methods from an infrastructure point of view are used to establish some areas that need to be upgraded to incorporate larger ships and capacity to transport more passengers. Also, some case analyses are used in the research with the purpose to demonstrate the usefulness of implemented AI tools in order to improve operation productivity and more permanent sustainability performance indicators of certain passenger terminals. This best practice combines the analysis of concerns and feedback of passengers with detailed reports on how terminals function and what their physical structures look like, with the aim of optimizing wayfinding and passengers’ movements. The results highlight the positive impact of AI integration especially in the areas of improving the operation efficiency and improving the experience of the users in port passengers’ terminal. Cutting-edge outcomes reveal how the use of AI in systems enhances passengers’ circulation and terminal interconnectivity and environmentally responsible environments. The integration of AI technology strategically improves efficiency and sustains the relations between the different zones and develops the Egyptian port terminals as integrated transport zones. The study proposes specific recommendations for improvement: implementing smart communication systems, adopting sustainable design strategies, and developing a comprehensive AI framework for port operations. These strategic enhancements are expected to create efficient, sustainable terminals while promoting the development of urban waterfront areas. The research underscores the potential of AI technologies as a transformative solution for the challenges faced by Egyptian port passenger terminals, paving the way for a more integrated and sustainable future.
DIGITALIZATION OF MARINE POWER SOURCES: FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE
The maritime industry is undergoing a transformative shift driven by the twin imperatives of sustainability and operational efficiency. Hybrid power generation systems, combining renewable energy sources are emerging as a cornerstone of this evolution. These systems not only reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also optimize fuel consumption, aligning with stringent international regulations like the IMO’s decarbonization targets. Simultaneously, digital transformation is revolutionizing maritime operations. Advanced technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT), big data analytics, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) enable real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and efficient energy management. Digital platforms enhance decision-making by providing actionable insights into fuel efficiency, route optimization, and system diagnostics, while also improving compliance with environmental standards. The convergence of hybrid power generation and digital technologies is paving the way for smarter, greener maritime operations. The synergy between clean energy and digitalization is not just an opportunity but a necessity for the maritime industry to remain resilient and competitive in a rapidly evolving global landscape. However, challenges such as high initial costs, cybersecurity risks, and interoperability with legacy systems must be addressed. Collaborative efforts among stakeholders, including shipowners, technology providers, and regulatory bodies, are critical to overcoming these barriers. This paper explores the role of hybrid power systems and digital transformation in achieving sustainable maritime operations, highlighting innovations, challenges, and future directions. A real case study involving these topics is also presented by the authors.
Enhancing Supply Chain Resilience Through AI Chatbot Service Quality
This study develops a methodology to investigate how consumer perceptions of supply chain resilience—with a particular emphasis on agility and responsiveness—relate to AI Chatbot usability and responsiveness. In order to extract important themes and constructs, the process is predicated on a thorough literature review, which methodically finds and analyzes pertinent academic articles, conference papers, and scholarly publications. According to the research, better AI Chatbot usability and responsiveness can increase client loyalty and happiness, which strengthens the supply chain. This demonstrates how AI Chatbots may promote responsiveness and agility, two essential components of supply chain resilience. The study is constrained by its conceptual nature, though, as it serves as the foundation for the empirical validation of the suggested framework. Future studies should use both quantitative and qualitative approaches to evaluate and improve the framework empirically in order to gain a better understanding of the relationships between supply chain resilience and AI Chatbot interactions. This study's practical implications include giving businesses strategic insights into using AI Chatbots to boost supply chain efficiency and customer engagement. In particular, companies can utilize the framework to create chatbot functionalities that enhance customer experiences in the event of supply chain interruptions, hence augmenting overall resilience. Additionally, this study fills in gaps in the literature by providing a methodical framework for comprehending how supply chain resilience and AI-driven customer service interact. It encourages businesses to use AI technology into their operations in order to successfully manage supply chain uncertainties and satisfy changing customer expectations by providing a theoretical framework for future study and implementation.
A PROPOSED TECHNIQUE FOR PRODUCING GREEN HYDROGEN, IN A SUGGESTED HYDROGEN SUPPLY CENTER AT AL-SOKHNA, GULF OF SUEZ
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is encouraging global shipping sectors, and seaports to reduce their global warming impacts, by using green fuels, instead of using conventional fossil fuel. This research suggests new green ecological system for generating green hydrogen from seawater, the research aims to using a Reverse Osmosis (RO) desalinated plant at Al-Sokhna area, combining with a suggested Alkaline electrolysis system, to generate green hydrogen from seawater, where ALK electrolysis is one of the most efficient hydrogen generating tools. The research methodology used different corrosion indexes to evaluate the suitability of Al-Sokhna seawater region for using as a source of regenerating hydrogen, to avoid any corrosive impacts on both RO and Alkaline electrolysis units. The research results showed an increase in the calculated corrosion indexed values, which mean that there will be some corrosive impacts on the suggested RO and Alkaline electrolysis systems. The research recommended using of debris filter combined with the injection of different anticorrosion chemical agents (polyphosphates) before the inlet of the suggested RO and alkaline electrolysis units, to avoid any fouling and corrosive impacts may be occurring. It also recommended applying different economic evaluation techniques, used for the proposed RO and Alkaline electrolysis units.
INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY OF PATENTS GENERATED BY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: A SCIENTOMETRIC AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
The context of the topic is to present briefly the importance of patents in the context of technological innovation and the role of artificial intelligence in generating inventions. The objectives of the article were to explore the existing literature, identify the most cited authors and research directions, and analyze students’ perspectives on issues related to the industrial property of patents generated by AI. The aims were to explore the current landscape of patent law as it pertains to AI-generated inventions through a dual approach: a scientometric analysis of the relevant literature and a qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews with master’s students. By identifying key research directions and gathering insights from emerging professionals in the field, this study seeks to contribute to the ongoing discourse on the intersection of AI and intellectual property rights. The findings will not only highlight the current state of research. Still, they will also provide a deeper understanding of the implications for future policy and legal frameworks in the realm of industrial property.
ETHICAL DILEMMAS OF USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR LEADERSHIP IMPROVEMENT
Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is not only a new way to approach technology, to revolutionize the industry, but also a way to change the relational system and especially to improve the leadership of organizations. Data Sources: A literature search was conducted through Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science (2014-2024) using keyword combinations including: AI, leadership plus ethical dilemma, and in the WOS program the search was performed only in WEB of Science The official documents of decision-making structures at European or global level were also consulted. Results: The ethical analysis of the problems raised by the use of AI in the field of development of an organization is a useful approach for any organization, whether it is one in the field of business, industry, medico-social or education. Ethical dilemmas are related, on the one hand, to the introduction of AI in decision-making (which can lead to the perpetuation of prejudices depending on the data on which they have been trained), to elements related to the respect of the confidentiality of the data included in the analysis, but, on the other hand, to the replacement of human decision-making by that taken with the help of AI (the morality of the decisions taken, responsibility for the decisions taken) or by the integration of the principles of non-maleficence and beneficence in the decision-making activity, respectively by the ability versus inability to detect the correctness versus the incorrectness of some decisions. Conclusions: The research provides information on the ethical approach to the use of artificial intelligence in AI, with a focus on understanding the need to use AI responsibly and assumed and the impact of both positive and negative use of AI, being able to be a tool in understanding the potential of using AI in current practice, in understanding the priorities induced by the use of AI: responsibility, efficiency, success in the context of protecting team members and society as a whole, developing governance regulations based on ethics, empathy, cooperation and interdisciplinarity.
How to Consider Industrial Property and Patents When Using Artificial Intelligence for Creation
The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the creation of industrial property and patents has raised critical questions regarding intellectual property rights, ownership, and the legal frameworks that govern these domains. As AI technologies become increasingly sophisticated, they are capable of generating inventions that challenge traditional notions of inventorship and ownership. This paper delves into the implications of AI-generated inventions on industrial property, with a particular focus on the patentability criteria established by current legal systems. It examines the challenges associated with attributing inventorship to AI systems, as traditional legal frameworks typically recognize only human inventors. Furthermore, the discussion highlights the urgent need for updated legal frameworks that can adequately address the complexities introduced by AI in the innovation process. By analysing case studies and recent developments in patent law, this paper aims to provide insights into how policymakers and legal experts can navigate the evolving landscape of intellectual property in the AI age, ensuring that inventors' rights are protected while fostering innovation.
Enhancing Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR) Operations Using UAVBased Flight Control Systems: Opportunities, and Challenges
The number of maritime accidents has been generally in decline in recent years, but maritime incidents still pose an important threat to human life, with optimization of search strategies and efficient use of resources hence being a high priority. In this regard, this study employed a mixed-methods approach by carrying out a Python-based simulation in the modeling of UAV-supported SAR missions and semistructured interviews with professionals in the areas of maritime SAR and experts in drone technology. This study aims to explore how UAVs may enhance the effectiveness of maritime SAR by employing both quantitative simulations and qualitative insights from expert viewpoints. The research investigates the potential of UAVs in optimizing search patterns, detecting persons in water (PIW), and delivering life-saving equipment under various conditions. Besides the quantitative analysis through a Python-based simulation modeled UAV-supported SAR missions, semi-structured interviews provided practical insights into operational challenges. Many practitioners recognized the potential of UAVs for faster observations and interventions, but they expressed concerns about their vulnerability to bad weather conditions, regulatory restrictions, and also limited payload capacities. The interviewees mentioned the greater strength and weather resistance given to drones, improved sensorial advances like thermal imaging, Lidar, and further action in terms of algorithms within autonomous navigation. Again, participants stressed that availability is related to specialized training for this type of SAR team with high-performance UAV systems. These results have proved that UAVs indeed provide a quantifiable advantage under maritime SAR situations, precisely in terms of speed and area covered, real-time situational awareness. The significant hurdles will be overstepped before UAVs can be fully integrated into normal SAR operations. Better long-enduring drones, up-to-date sensors for further detection, refined flight stabilizing controls, and easier regulatory frameworkswhen that matures with the technology, UAVs will find their rightful place as invaluable tools bound to go a long distance in increasing the chances of survival during maritime disasters.
Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) tools are an emerging class of new-age artificial intelligence algorithms capable of producing novel content — in varied formats such as text, audio, video, pictures, and code — based on user prompts. This key technology has demonstrated remarkable flexibility in analysing and structuring data and text into accessible information, vital for integrating humans, data, and systems. This paper presents its applications in the management of the ship's bridge, revealing the great potential of this new technology and the great potential for improving the operations and resource management of the bridge. It is a theoretical - bibliographical study of the subject of GenAI with a focus on the shipping industry and especially in Ship’s Bridge Operation. It was found that the development of GenAI is rapid, and there are many areas of application in shipping and ship's bridge management. It provides greater flexibility, reliability and reduces the workload of Officers. However, not enough commercial applications were found, indicating that there is a large scope for future development.
NEW CHALLENGES FOR A LOW-CARBON FUTURE: A MATERIALS PERSPECTIVE
Materials engineering plays a pivotal role in addressing the urgent need for low-carbon solutions to mitigate CO₂ emissions. This study explores innovative material strategies tailored to the socio- economic and environmental contexts of developing regions. It highlights four key areas: cementitious materials, clinker-free binders, lignocellulosic fibers, and bamboo. Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), such as fly ash and sugarcane bagasse ash, reduce carbon footprints, while alkali- activated and calcium sulfoaluminate cements leverage regional mineral resources. Renewable lignocellulosic fibers, including sisal (Agave sisalana), improve performance and support local economies, despite challenges in bonding and durability. Bamboo, with its exceptional mechanical properties, offers sustainable solutions for various applications. This paper underscores the need for interdisciplinary collaboration, advanced material research, and supportive policies to overcome technical barriers. By aligning global sustainability trends with local resource utilization, materials engineering can drive low-carbon technologies, foster regional development, and contribute to global climate goals.
SEANERGY PROJECT MASTER PLAN FOR PORT ENERGY TRANSITION
The SEANERGY Master Plan (MP) for Port Energy Transition, developed under the Horizon Europe SEANERGY project (grant agreement number 101075710), represents the project’s Deliverable D3.1. It provides a comprehensive framework for guiding European ports in adopting sustainable energy practices and achieving carbon neutrality. Ports are vital players in the global logistics network and are pivotal in advancing decarbonization and energy transition. This deliverable outlines a structured three-phase approach — High-Level Vision, MP Development, and Review and Implementation — to enable ports to transition to renewable energy while maintaining efficiency. By integrating stakeholder insights, innovative technologies, and policy alignment, the SEANERGY MP sets a new standard for sustainable port operations. This study charts a dynamic roadmap for aligning port operations with the EU’s and international climate neutrality goals, ensuring that ports emerge as leaders in the green energy transition.
AI AND BIG DATA AT SEA: THEIR POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON SEAFARERS
With the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Big data, and advanced navigation systems, the shipping industry is revolutionizing in ways that offers advanced maritime safety and security, improvement of energy consumption, maintenance, and efficiency of voyages. This wave of technological advancement brings with it a sense of optimism. At the same time, however, it opens up questions about what these technologies mean in terms of the working conditions and Occupational Safety and Health of Seafarers (OSH). This research paper discusses the increased application of AI and Big Data in the maritime sector, and it explicitly explores their possible application to monitor and surveil seafarers at sea. The paper examines what the potential consequences of deploying such advanced technologies might be in order to oversee and regulate the work of seafarers within an environment where boundaries between work and private life are often blurred. It is in-depth research into the current application of AI in maritime operations with regard to tracking and surveillance, optimization, and safety, therefore giving a proper understanding of the subject. However, despite the fact that there is no documented evidence of AI and big data being used against seafarers, the authors have gone further to discuss how this could be possible, making use of the Voyage Data Recorder (VDR) as an example of collecting data onboard vessels. VDR can be taken as the closest existing technology to AI applied on board ships. Such a tool, as discussed by the authors, can monitor several features of a ship operating at sea: navigation, the performance of the machinery, and human activities. It is this possible use of information against the seafarers themselves in the case of accidents or any other incidents that occur at sea that scares them. Apart from being exciting, there are significant issues around privacy, ownership of data, and perhaps impacting on the rights and responsibilities of the seafarer. This paper contributes to this debate now current with its examination of technology advancements and outcomes in trying to reach balance between technological advance with the well-being and rights of seafarers within this ever- changing automatised Maritime Industry. This is a conversation that needs to be shared among all the stakeholders, from the players in the maritime industry to the policymakers and academics, in order to come up with an evolved consensus on what that future should be.
CAN AI ADDRESS THE SHORTCOMINGS OF THE CURRENT PORT EMISSIONS INVENTORY PRACTICES?
The creation of air emission inventories (EIs) in seaports has proven to be a valuable method providing a quantitative basis to meet increasingly stringent regulations and ambitious emission reduction targets. These inventories are essential for implementing and monitoring necessary measures. However, despite their significance, EIs are often unpublished or not regularly updated, obscuring the ports' contributions to emissions. Key reasons for this include data security issues, accuracy problems, and the substantial effort required to obtain and analyze the necessary emission data. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) offer promising solutions to reduce this effort and enhance the accuracy of these inventories. Based on a systematic literature review of 13 relevant articles, this study examines the potentials and barriers of AI and machine learning (ML) techniques. The findings reveal the AI/ML techniques considered in the context of EIs, pinpoint the barriers that can be overcome using AI/ML, and highlight the improvements needed for the further application of these technologies. The proposed future research agenda aims to incorporate practical evidence from port authorities, providing a comprehensive understanding of how AI can be effectively leveraged for improving the accuracy and relevance of emission inventories.
ANALYZING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF TERMINAL OPERATING SYSTEM ON ENHANCING THE EFFICIENCY OF ALEXANDRIA CONTAINER TERMINAL
Purpose: A Terminal Operating System (TOS) is essential for efficient and productive terminal operations, as it supports planning, scheduling, and equipment control. Increasingly, functions within the TOS are being automated to enhance overall performance and streamline processes. Container Terminal Operating System stands for Terminal Operating System, a computer-based system used in ports to manage and optimize various terminal operations. Therefore, this research aims at investigating and analyzing the challenges encountered during the implementation of the CTOS at Alexandria Cargo Handling and Container Company, and to propose recommendations for overcoming these challenges and improving the implementation process. Research approach: This research will follow a deductive approach to achieve research aims and objectives through applying SWOT analysis. In addition, it will analyze the impact of implementing CTOS on theβefficiency ofβAlexandria containerβterminal during the last years from 2019 to 2023 byβusingβData EnvelopmentβAnalysis (DEA). Research Originality: The research is consideredβthe first empirical study thatβidentifies challenges encountered during the implementation of the CTOS at Alexandria Cargo Handling and Container Company using SWOT analysis and evaluate the efficiency of the company’s terminal. Research impact: This research will determine the challenges encountered during the implementation of the CTOS at Alexandria Cargo Handling and Container Company’s terminals. In addition, this research will propose procedures to measure the efficiency of container portsβwhich can be applied to other container ports using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) for the period from 2019 to 2023. Practical impact: The analysis can help Alexandria Cargo Handling and Container Company’s management to increase the efficiency score through identifying challenges encountered during the implementation of the TOS.
EMISSION REDUCTION USING AMMONIA/DIESEL DUAL FUEL FOR MARINE DIESEL ENGINES IN GREEN PORT APPLICATION
The utilization of green energy can significantly reduce emissions generated in ports using diesel fuel in vehicles, machinery, and ships. Emission reduction strategies are constantly being researched to replace older engines and install zero-emission power systems through the investigation of cleaner trends that can be employed in ports and surrounding areas. The continuous development of international trade and the increasing number of ships at ports lead to the extensive development of ports which will result in the use of more diesel engines contributing to environmental pollution by their emissions. Ammonia has gained great attention for its use in ICEs leading to their decarbonization and the reduction of GHG emissions. It is a liquid energy source that can be stored and transported safely. This paper studies the effectiveness of using ammonia and hydrogen as clean fuels for marine dual fuel engines. A computational analysis using Aspen Plus software is carried out to investigate the combustion process as well as the resulting pollutants including GHGs. The results show that the suggested dual fuel methods reduce CO2 emissions by 59.68%, and SOx emissions by 60%.
Blockchain Adoption for Mitigating Maritime Supply Chain Disruptions: Challenges and Opportunities
The global maritime supply chain is prone to disruptions as well as innovations, affecting international trade. Businesses, structures, and organizations continually seek approaches to enhance productivity, reliability, and sustainability. Conversely, Supply chain disruptions are seen as a vulnerability that affects interconnected systems. Geopolitical threats, bottlenecks, labor conflicts, and shortages are major factors in disruptions, leading to increased costs and reduced reliability. While ports have been stable performance indicators, new challenges are pressuring their roles in the supply chain. In this research, blockchain technology (BT) is put forward as a means to mitigate and reduce maritime supply chain disruptions. BT can provide trust, transparency, and alliance in the maritime industry. However, limited research has been conducted on its feasibility and potential limitations. Therefore, the paper offers a conceptual investigation of the impact of BT on managing disruptions and addresses the key determinants and obstacles of its application.
ENHANCING MARITIME SAFETY: OPTIMIZING FAIRWAY DESIGN THROUGH MULTI-ARC CONFIGURATIONS
The growing parameters of ships entail the necessity for port infrastructure which depends mainly on the size of ships and various weather conditions. One of the major problems in marine traffic engineering is to determine the safe parameters of fairways, i.e., safe depth and width at the bottom in bends of the fairway. While examining the velocity component of bends, the helical flow formed by secondary currents was observed. A secondary current occurs due to imbalance between centrifugal forces and pressure gradient at surface. In other words, close to the inner bank and at channel bed, pressure gradient exceeds centrifugal forces and conveys water in transverse direction toward the inner bank. At free surface, centrifugal forces drive flow (secondary current) to the outer bank. The aim of this research is to replace fairway bends that have a single arc with multiple separate arcs to reduce the curvature effect of fairways on ships during manoeuvring. This is achieved by performing CFD methods for fairway bends, with a single arc shape and with multiple separate arcs, under different flow conditions. Multiple arcs will reduce the effect of helical flow with the objective of minimizing grounding risk, loss of steering, or ships collision.
A PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS TO INVESTIGATE THE SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION ON QUAY WALLS USING FINITE ELEMENT MODELING
Structural strengthening is an effective and feasible approach for preserving the functionality of degraded structures safely and reliably while also upgrading their capacity to sustain extra loads. As a cost-effective and practical solution necessitates the development of methodologies that simulate the real conditions to assess the soil structure interaction, additional loads, and their impact on structures, as well as to evaluate the strengthening system properly. The overall aim of this research is to develop finite element models using PLAXIS 3D to investigate the influence of various material models on an existing quay wall with diverse soil profiles, along with a parametric analysis to evaluate the impact of extra loads. A case study in Port Said East Port, the diaphragm quay wall of the container terminal operated by Suez Canal Container Terminal (SCCT), which is located to the north of Egypt on the Mediterranean Sea, was chosen in this regard. For the purpose of verification, two case studies were chosen: the Deep-Sea quay wall at Rotterdam, which provides essential field results and a 3D PLAXIS finite element model, along with the diaphragm quay wall of the Port Said East Port container terminal, which provides 3D PLAXIS finite element models. Most comparisons between the author's models and the three referenced cases show a percent error of less than 10%, indicating an acceptable margin of error. A comparative study of two soil profiles employing two material models was conducted, revealing that the Mohr-Coulomb material model is more conservative than the Hardening Soil model, since it yields higher results. A parametric analysis was performed on the effects of increased crane loads and deepening in front of the quay wall, revealing that deepening has a greater influence than the increment of crane loads, especially for horizontal displacement.
DYNAMICS OF OSCILLATING TURBULENT FLOW OVER COASTAL BUILDINGS IN PORTS USING AI TECHNIQUES
Time-dependent CFD models were used to simulate the flow structures over a square cylinder in oscillating flow. Two-dimensional models were used to study the hydrodynamic forces under sinusoidal flow boundary conditions that were predicted by machine learning algorithms. The study also examines the specifications of the caused entropy around a square cylinder under various conditions, as well as the examination of the second law. It is found that the flow structures and forces values were sensitive to any change in input flow parameter and rotation angle. Furthermore, it is found that the angle 10 degree of rotation object, gives best result for entropy generation in this work.
A Comparative Analysis Between Wave and Solar Energy for Sustainability in Coastal zones; Case Study: Alexandria Port, Egypt
The growing impact of carbon emissions, including rising sea levels and extreme weather, underscores the need for sustainable energy solutions, especially in coastal areas. This study compares solar and wave energy in Alexandria, Egypt, evaluating their costs and environmental feasibility. Utilizing Alexandria’s high solar irradiance and promising wave energy potential, Solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems and Oscillating Water Column (OWC) wave energy systems are assessed. HOMER PRO software was used for solar modeling, while empirical formulas and MATLAB estimated wave energy production. Results show solar PV systems are more cost-effective, with a Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of $0.01165/kWh and a CO₂ reduction of 26.3 million kg annually. In contrast, wave energy offers more consistent production and a larger environmental benefit (55 million kg CO₂ reduction per year), but with higher initial costs and an LCOE of $0.0472/kWh. The study concludes that while solar energy is more cost-effective, wave energy holds significant potential for long-term development in coastal zones like Alexandria.
THE DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION AND ITS IMPACT ON MARITIME TRANSPORT GEOECONOMY, CASE STUDY: DCHC AS A HUB TERMINAL IN DAMIETTA PORT/EGYPT/EAST MEDITERRANEAN
As the global economy undergoes rapid changes with the rise of Asian and African economies, Egypt is set to play a crucial role in the future of international trading. By the year 2075, the GDP of China, India and United States shall be nearly equal, while Indonesia is predicted to become the 4th largest economy of the world by 2050. In this regard, Egyptian positioning along Suez Canal to Africa, Asia and Europe is crucial to improve its participation in the global digital economy. Egypt is set to enhance its standing in international economic arrangements such as BRICS, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). Thus, the country’s maritime transport sector is increasingly instrumental to realizing its economic ambitions. A key element of this transformation is Damietta Port, which is becoming increasingly important in Egypt’s maritime development. On the other hand, technology upgrades at the port including an advanced Vessel Traffic Management System (VTMS) are an issue. Especially since the start of operation of the second new container terminal will make such systems indispensable. By means of a case study methodology, this paper analyzes the current operational strategies and technological infrastructure of DCHC, while highlighting the advancements involved in making them more efficient. In particular, it conversations about the VTMS represent the next step after the complete implementation of TOS Navis N4 to handle DCHC operations. It is also proposed to use the Portchain portal for vessel berth management. According to the paper, the efforts concerning the implementation of VTMS and the establishment of strategic alliances with globe partners, DCHC will be considerably more competitive in the global digital economy. With DCHC with better quality and advance Services. Damietta Port will be one of the main players in the advancement of Egypt’s economy globally.
INDUSTRIAL RELOCATION OF MANUFACTURING COMPANIES
The paper examines the phenomenon of industrial relocation, exploring its theoretical framework and presenting a case study on Romanian manufacturing companies. The study reveals a limited interest in relocation among these companies, both currently and over the past five years, indicating a stable and favorable business environment in Romania. The research identified cost optimization as a primary reason for relocation. As key factors for relocation, reputational risk and sustainability strategies were also identified. The case study used qualitative methodology and the interview method and involved 12 prominent Romanian manufacturing companies to assess their relocation behavior. The results revealed that cost reduction remains the most significant motivator. However, the fear of reputational damage and a strong commitment to sustainability could outweigh the potential benefits of relocating abroad. This suggests a shift towards a more holistic approach to strategic decision-making that takes into consideration more than financial considerations. The paper ends by highlighting the complex interplay of cost, reputation, and sustainability in shaping relocation decisions for Romanian companies, emphasizing the increasing importance of responsible business practices in the globalized economy.
THE OPPORTUNITY OF A BENCHMARKING TOOL FOR OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE IN AUTONOMOUS SHIPPING
Due to the increasing interest in the Autonomous Driving research domain, we are following this approach to showcase the use of previous work when infused into the maritime industry. The opportunity of a modular and customizable solution to compare algorithms in Autonomous Shipping, in particular object avoidance, is analyzed based on scientometric data. We gradually narrow down the research domain of Autonomous Shipping to meet Artificial Intelligence based solutions and then to find research gaps when dealing with Object Avoidance and then we comparatively yield a conceptual map to show the need for a benchmark tool in this area. Some of the key criteria for the proposed benchmarking tool are safety, performance, efficiency, and scalability.
INTEGRATING SIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATION FOR SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT IN COMPLEX SUPPLY CHAINS: A UNIFIED FRAMEWORK WITH AI
The increasing complexity of global supply chains and the rising emphasis on sustainability require innovative methodologies to assess and optimize operational performance. This paper introduces a unified framework integrating simulation, optimization, and artificial intelligence (AI) to evaluate and enhance the sustainability of complex supply chains. The framework leverages AnyLogistiX’s simulation (SIM) and optimization (OPT) modules to model existing supply chain configurations, calculate sustainability indices, and identify improvements through AI-generated scenarios. The proposed approach begins with a detailed examination of the current state of supply chains, emphasizing the predominance of road transport and centralized logistics. It then integrates the sustainability index, derived from a previous study, as a key metric for performance evaluation. AI’s capabilities are harnessed to generate innovative scenarios that address sustainability challenges, such as reducing carbon emissions, traffic congestion, and dependency on centralized hubs. This study applies the framework to a European distribution supply chain, comparing an AS-IS scenario with an AI-generated TO-BE configuration. The TO-BE scenario features the integration of ro-ro shipping and intelligent replenishment systems, showcasing significant improvements in sustainability metrics. The comparative analysis underscores the transformative potential of AI-driven solutions in achieving sustainable supply chain operations.
OPTIMIZING THE DRAFT OF A QUAY WALL TO THE ANCHOR LENGTH RATIO USING FINITE ELEMENT NUMERICAL MODEL
This research studied the effect of varying the distance between the front wall and the back anchor of a quay wall located in Abu Qir, Alexandria, Egypt. The quay wall was built to serve as a multipurpose terminal, the front wall is a combined wall system (tubular steel pipes connected by intermediate sheet piles) and the back (deep) anchor is a barrette pile. Researchers often study quay wall optimization and how various structural and operational changes could affect an existing quay wall’ s performance. However, the relation between a quay wall’s draft and the back anchor length using pile anchors was not studied previously. The added value of this research is providing several ratios between the quay wall draft and the back anchor length. The analysis was performed by varying the distance of the barrette piles, bringing them closer to and further apart from the front wall to conclude how this variation affects the quay wall elements. The numerical model was calibrated and verified using previous numerical models in two separate locations with different structure systems prior to conducting this research. The analysis was performed by conducting a three-dimensional numerical model using PLAXIS 3D V21 which is a finite element analysis software that models soil/structure interface. The results revealed that as the distance between the front wall and the back anchor increases, the moment increases on the combined wall while decreasing on the barrette, meanwhile, the front wall deflection decreases. The decrease in deflection is limited by the at rest and active plane of failures. It was concluded that the decrease in the front wall’s deflection becomes minimal after a draft to anchor length (d/L) ratio of 0.71 and the effect varying the d/L ratio has an immensely greater effect on the back anchor than on the front wall.
IMPROVING THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF PORT FACILITIES AND THEIR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT USING SOLAR ENERGY: EVIDENCE FROM ROMANIA
The purpose of this paper is to find solutions for improving the energy efficiency of port facilities and operations to reduce carbon footprint and achieve sustainable development. Ports are important gateways for international commerce, and they are a vital part of the global transportation network. However, there is a notable deficiency in terms of improving energy efficiency and integrating renewable energy into port facilities and operations. It is found that port authorities in the maritime domain face major challenges in reducing electricity consumption and carbon footprint by supporting increased resilience and energy efficiency. This study provides solutions for port authorities regarding the implementation of solutions to increase the energy efficiency of port buildings. This paper aims to summarize the application of EDGE platform to identify different solutions using photovoltaic panels and different measures that were simulated with the aim of improving the energy efficiency of the port facilities. The data and model used targeted the port of Constanta in Romania. The use of solar energy as a renewable energy source for the port of Constanta is based on the location of this facility in an area with high solar radiation. The research results indicate a payback of the investment from the revenues generated from the sale of energy produced by the PV plant in less than 9 years and a carbon footprint reduction of 197.2 tCO2 /year. The use of batteries for electrical energy storage contributes significantly to a better integration of renewable sources in port facilities and operations. The research results show that there is great potential for ports to increase the energy efficiency of their facilities and operations, offering such future research opportunities.
AI AND TECHNOLOGY-ENABLED SUPPLY CHAIN SECURITY
Supply chain security encompasses different areas, such as damage, theft, fraud, and counterfeits. Cargo security has always been an important factor in international trade, especially with ongoing maritime and supply chain disruptions. In consumer products, companies and consumers also have to deal with fake products and fake vendors. We will look at case studies and examples of how AI can be used in cargo tracking and routing, as well as the use of AI to detect fraud and counterfeits.
Port planning in the face of artificial intelligence: towards an innovative methodological approach
This paper explores the transformative role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in port planning, focusing on its integration with Digital Twin technologies to enhance decision-making processes. From the perspective of a Port Authority, the study highlights AI’s capacity to improve data integration, harmonization, and predictive analytics, addressing challenges related to the heterogeneity of datasets across institutional and territorial contexts. AI enables the transition from fragmented data to a coherent, standardized knowledge framework, facilitating scenario analysis and strategic planning, which are essential for effective port governance. AI supports infrastructure investments, operational resilience, and sustainable development by optimizing connectivity, forecasting cargo flows, and improving intermodal logistics. Additionally, AI enhances simulations for long-term resilience planning, particularly in response to climate change and evolving trade dynamics. The paper also examines AI’s role in aligning port planning with European-level platforms such as TEN-TEC, the Ocean Digital Twin, and the ESPON program. These frameworks provide essential tools for evidence- based policymaking and territorial cohesion, reinforcing the integration of AI-driven spatial analysis into strategic port planning. By leveraging AI, Port Authorities can transition from reactive governance to proactive, data-driven decision-making, ensuring efficiency, competitiveness, and resilience in modern port management.
COMPARATIVE STUDY FOR TRAINING USING VIRTUAL REALITY SIMULATING AND CONVENTIONAL FIREFIGHTING
Ports are critical hubs for global trade, and the complex environments they encompass present unique fire hazards due to the presence of flammable materials, large machinery, and congested spaces. Effective firefighting preparedness among port workers is essential to ensure rapid response to emergencies and minimize damage. Traditional firefighting training methods, while valuable, often come with limitations such as safety concerns, high costs, and limited scenario variety. The fire safety skills training content is too large and complex, due to many problems in the actual training which requires varies and integrated training techniques such as simulation training systems. Virtual seaport firefighting training system based on virtual reality (VR) which plays is an important role in building capacities and enhancing port-workers skills . This study investigates the impact of virtual reality (VR) firefighting simulations on enhancing the firefighting capabilities of port workers. VR technology provides an immersive, risk-free environment where workers can experience realistic fire scenarios tailored to the specific challenges of port environments. These simulations offer dynamic training modules that replicate various fire hazards— such as fuel spills, container fires, and shipboard emergencies—allowing port workers to practice their response strategies, decision-making, and teamwork under pressure. The research examines how VR simulations improve key firefighting skills such as hazard recognition, risk assessment, and the effective use of firefighting equipment. By providing frequent and varied training opportunities without the logistical challenges of traditional methods, VR simulations have shown to significantly enhance port workers' readiness for emergency situations. Additionally, the study highlights the benefits of cost efficiency, safety, and scalability of VR-based training. The findings demonstrate that VR firefighting simulations are a powerful tool for improving the firefighting preparedness of port workers, equipping them with the necessary skills to handle highrisk situations more effectively, thereby contributing to a safer port environment. Furthermore the study provides a case study represented in an effective platform for firefighting training system in ports , as well as a comparative study between firefighting training using VR Simulation Techniques and Hands-on Training for Port Community is proposed in this research.
PORT INDUSTRY PERCEPTION ON THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE. THE CASE OF GREEK PORTS
The port industry is considered a latecomer in the Artificial Intelligence era, among others, due to the nature of port operations, the inner ort environment characteristics, the numerous players operating the port area, etc. Despite that, several actions towards adopting AI solutions in the port industry have been taken in the last few years, seeing as the next step (or the complimentary step) following port and terminal automation. AI can provide solutions and increase the efficiency of port processes, leading to reduced costs, better optimization of port operations, decreased emissions, etc., which can increase port users' satisfaction. On the other hand, AI comes with a price. Significant investments are needed to adopt AI solutions in port operations, which might prevent medium- and small-size ports from moving fast in the AI era. Also, there are significant challenges for ports related to the potential scarcity of qualified personnel and the need for port workforce transformation. Leading ports such as Rotterdam, Hamburg, and Singapore have adopted AI solutions as part of their smart-port strategy, but the applications of AI in ports are still limited. The paper tries to shed light on the issues affecting the potential of AI in the port industry by examining the perceptions of ports regarding the expectations, challenges, and pros and cons of AI in ports. Towards this, the paper proceeds with field research using a structured questionnaire in the major Greek ports operating as Societe Anonymes. The research results will provide valuable insights regarding the lack of AI adoption by the port industry that can be used to form relevant strategies and policies that will tackle the still low penetration of AI in ports.
AI-DRIVEN OPTIMIZATION OF HYDROGEN AND METHANE FUEL STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE MARITIME DECARBONIZATION
This study investigates the potential of integrating artificial intelligence (AI) with experimental analysis to optimize fuel mixtures in internal combustion engines for green port applications. By evaluating the efficiency and emission reduction capabilities of hydrogen-oxygen (HHO) gas and methane as alternative fuels, the research explores a dual-fuel conversion approach for conventional internal combustion engines. The AI- driven methodology employs Random Forest Regression (RFR) to analyze experimental data and determine the most efficient fuel mixture settings. The results indicate that NaOH at a 10% concentration achieves maximum fuel savings, while KOH at 12% concentration provides the best COx reduction. Methane injection demonstrates moderate fuel savings and emission reductions, highlighting its viability as an alternative fuel. The AI optimization process determined the optimal fuel mixture settings, enhancing efficiency, reducing emissions, and accelerating the transition to cleaner maritime energy solutions. These findings reinforce the effectiveness of AI-based optimization in advancing sustainable fuel strategies and promoting cleaner energy solutions for port operations and energy management.
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO ASSESS LEE SIDE EROSION IN RUBBLE MOUND GROIN SYSTEMS: A CASE STUDY
Coastal erosion along Egypt's Northern Mediterranean coast presents a persistent challenge, particularly near the Kitchener Drainage, where human activities, such as infrastructure development and agriculture, have intensified shoreline retreat. Groynes have been widely used to stabilize the coastline by trapping sediment on the updrift side. However, their application has induced significant downdrift erosion, leading to sediment depletion, beach narrowing, and alterations in the shoreline profile. This study aims to assess the long term effects of groyne construction in the Baltim region between 2007 and 2020, with a focus on shoreline evolution and downdrift erosion. Numerical modeling was conducted using the one-line model LITPACK, incorporating 31 years of wave data (1993–2023) from the Copernicus Marine Service and bathymetric surveys performed by Archimarine in 2020. Historical shoreline positions were derived from satellite imagery and field measurements to evaluate morphological changes. A brief discussion on mitigation measures and future studies is mentioned. The LITPACK one line model successfully simulated shoreline evolution, capturing 20m per year erosion rates east of Kitchener Drainage from 2007 to 2013, with model standard deviation of 7m. The model also accounted for the 16 groynes constructed in 2020, where maximum downdrift erosion reached 195 meters, with 100,000 m³/year of sediment loss near the final groyne. The modeling results confirm that continued groyne extensions have not fully mitigated erosion but have shifted the problem further eastward.
BEHAVIOR OF FOOTING GROUP RESTING ON COLLAPSIBLE SOIL BASED ON EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY
This study deals with identifying the behavior of contiguous square footing groups subjected to rainfall water. A variety of parameters were represented in order to study the effect of these parameters on the behavior of the footing group. The tests were conducted in a wide tank with collapsible soil and models of square footing groups. Using the experimental model to investigate the collapse settlement due to the infiltration of rainfall water through collapsible soil beneath contiguous square footing. In addition, the distribution of water content and the depth of wetting were measured. Moreover, numerical models were carried out by PLAXIS 3D V21 to simulate experimental models. From the test results, it was noticed that increasing the number of footings in a group causes a decrease in settlement.