International Maritime Transport and Logistic
About MARLOG Conference The International Maritime Transport and Logistics Conference (MARLOG) is an open access, peer-reviewed conference proceedings publishes the proceedings of International Maritime Transport and Logistics Conference (MARLOG) which organized by The Arab Academy for Science, Technology, and Maritime Transport (AASTMT) since 2011. The conference proceedings is published once a year based on the articles submitted to MARLOG conference. Focus and Scope Each MARLOG conference has its own theme which differs from a year to other. However, the main scope the conference is maritime transport and logistics. The conference presents research articles, case studies and reviews focusing on all aspects of the international maritime transport and business logistics and any other related fields. MARLOG conference accepts a high quality contributions from both aspects; academic and professional. All articles submitted to MARLOG are a subject of peer-review by the technical committee of each conference, in addition to the permanent editorial board of the conference. Subject areas suitable for publication include, but are not limited to the following fields: Maritime transport Business logistics Maritime transport economics Supply chain management Sustainable development Digital transformation in maritime transport and logistics
Arab Academy for Science and Technology and Maritime Transport (AASTMT)
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Enhancing Port Yard Infrastructure Using Geocell Technology a Sustainable Approach for Heavy-Duty Ground Reinforcement
Port logistics areas are increasingly exposed to heavier loads and higher traffic due to the expansion of containerized trade and intermodal transport systems. Traditional pavement structures in storage yards often suffer from rapid deterioration, settlement, and excessive maintenance costs, especially when constructed on weak subgrades or exposed to repetitive dynamic loads. This research investigates the application of geocell reinforcement as an innovative solution for strengthening port yard foundations, aiming to enhance durability, load distribution, and sustainability. Geocells, as a three-dimensional cellular confinement system, improve the mechanical behaviour of soil layers by restricting lateral displacement, thereby increasing bearing capacity and reducing rutting. Their use in port yards offers significant potential for reducing construction material requirements, lowering life-cycle costs, and minimizing environmental impact. The paper discusses the geotechnical principles of geocell-reinforced pavements, design considerations specific to heavy-duty port operations, and the role of geocells in supporting sustainable infrastructure development. The study also explores the broader Implications of integrating such technologies in modern port resilient infrastructure, where resilience, cost- effectiveness, and environmental responsibility are becoming strategic priorities. By adopting geocell solutions in yard pavement construction, ports can achieve higher operational efficiency, extend service life, and align with global sustainability goals.
Geometrical Optimization of Shell-and-Helical Coil Heat Exchangers for Marine Waste Heat Recovery Systems
In maritime transportation and the facilities for ports, reliable and compact thermal components are essential for facilitating sustainable mechanical performance. The article provides a numerical evaluation of the impact of shell size on the thermal efficiency of baffled shell-and-helical coil heat exchangers (HCHEs), commonly utilized in maritime cooling, waste heat recovery, and HVAC systems on ships and offshore platforms. A verified 3D CFD model was created utilizing ANSYS Fluent to simulate steady-state fluid dynamics and thermal transport across three shell diameters (120 mm, 140 mm, and 160 mm) featuring divided baffles and a stationary helical coil. The flow rate of the cold fluid on the shell side ranged from 2 to 6 L/min. Key performance characteristics, such as heat transfer rate, thermal efficacy, and temperature distribution, were evaluated to measure thermohydraulic behavior. The model's reliability was validated by a two-stage technique utilizing experimental data and established numerical standards. The findings indicated that decreasing shell diameter markedly improves heat transmission and thermal efficiency, particularly at reduced flow rates. The compact 120 mm shell configuration frequently surpassed bigger versions, affirming the significance of structural compactness in enhancing thermal performance. These findings offer essential design recommendations for the use of compact heat exchangers into marine and port systems, facilitating advancements in sustainable and efficient maritime transportation.
Mapping the Research Landscape of Renewable Energy Solutions for Sustainable Maritime Transport: A Bibliometric Analysis (2016–2025)
The relationships among documents on Maritime Renewable Energy Solutions (MRES) for sustainable shipping are explored to 1) map the evolution and current status of this literature stream; 2) highlight the top contributing documents, authors, journals, affiliations, and countries; 3) identify collaboration patterns and the social and intellectual structure of the scientific community; and 4) uncover thematic clusters and future research directions in support of maritime decarbonization. A total of 513 publications from 2016 to October 2025 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection and analysed using Biblioshiny and VOSviewer through co-authorship, co-citation, co-word, and direct citation analyses. The results revealed a rapidly growing and highly multidisciplinary field, with an annual growth rate of 43.62% and strong international collaboration, especially among European and Asian institutions. China, together with leading universities such as Shanghai Maritime University, has emerged as a key contributor, while journals such as Sustainability, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, Energies, and Journal of Cleaner Production play central roles in shaping the knowledge base. Thematic and correspondence analyses showed well-established motor themes related to energy efficiency, regulatory frameworks, and environmental performance, alongside emerging themes focused on hydrogen, green ammonia, and other alternative fuels. Overall, the findings indicate the need for more integrated, cross-disciplinary, and policy-oriented research that links technological innovation, regulatory development, and implementation challenges to accelerate progress toward zero-emission maritime transport.
FUSION OF VIBRATION, ULTRASOUND, AND TEMPERATURE FOR OFFLINE SMART PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE ON OIL AND GAS PLATFORMS ROTATING EQUIPMENT: A PRELIMINARY MATHEMATICAL FRAMEWORK
We present a deployment-oriented, offline condition-monitoring framework for rotating equipment on oil and gas platforms that fuses vibration, ultrasound, and temperature signals into a single, interpretable health index. The workflow verifies cross-sensor consistency via Pearson correlation, applies z-score normalization, and performs feature-level fusion before classifying equipment states with transparent, ISO-referenced thresholds (Normal / Alarm / Danger). Tailored to offshore constraints where continuous telemetry is impractical, the framework emphasizes low-cost periodic acquisition and auditable rules over black-box models, while remaining ready for subsequent AI/ML integration. On real platform data, the approach improved maintenance KPIs (availability/reliability/cost) by approximately 15–20% versus conventional strategies. This contribution is, to our knowledge, the first offline, multi-sensor fusion framework purpose-built for oil & gas platforms that couples correlation-validated fusion with thresholded, interpretable decisions.
The Future of Logistics Corridors: Bibliometric Review of Emerging Technologies and Strategic Shifts
This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of emerging technologies and strategic shifts in logistics corridors from 2020 to 2025. Using data sourced from the Web of Science Core Collection and analyzed with Biblioshiny and VOSviewer, this study examined 2,022 scholarly documents to identify key contributors, influential journals, collaboration patterns, and evolving research themes. The results highlight rapid growth in the field, driven by digital innovations such as blockchain, artificial intelligence, and Industry 4.0, alongside specialized applications in last- mile delivery and drone logistics. China has emerged as the dominant country in publication output and international collaboration, while leading institutions include The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. Thematic mapping reveals motor themes centered on supply chain management and digitalization, with niche themes emphasizing urban logistics and emerging technologies. This study underscores the collaborative and interdisciplinary nature of logistics research, provides insights into current trends and gaps, and offers directions for future investigation, including the need for broader data sources and deeper qualitative analysis. This study provides a foundational overview of the scholarly landscape shaping the future of sustainable and technology-driven logistics corridors.
RESEARCH ON THE ROLE OF CHINA RAILWAY EXPRESS IN SINO-EUROPEAN TRADE TRANSPORTATION
To clarify the role and position of China Railway Express (CR-Express) as an innovative intercontinental transport service, we analyze transit time, loading/unloading time, and waiting time, while considering transport costs including freight charges, inventory carrying cost during transportation, opportunity cost of capital, and commodity depreciation over time. Using a multinomial logit-based modal split model together with Sino-European trade commodity and transport data, we calibrate the value of time (VoT) for nine categories of commodities. A sensitivity analysis is then conducted to examine how VoT and CR-Express service frequency influence the modal shares among sea, rail, and air for these commodities. The results indicate that increasing service frequency significantly enhances the attractiveness of CR-Express for paper products, textile products, precious metals/jewelry, and machinery/electrical products. Additionally, higher VoT for plant products, precious metals/jewelry, and machinery/electrical products leads to greater utilization of rail transport. These findings provide quantitative guidance for optimizing service frequency and targeting commodity classes to improve the competitiveness of intercontinental rail freight.
INVESTMENT IN PORTS: THEIR ROLE IN SUPPORTING LOGISTICS CORRIDORS AND ENHANCING COMPETITIVENESS – THE CASE OF EGYPT
Global trade dynamics are increasingly shaped by the development of ports and their integration into major logistics corridors. As vessel sizes continue to grow and shipping lines consolidate, the role of strategic maritime ports becomes essential in ensuring efficiency, competitiveness, and connectivity across international supply chains. Egypt, with its unique location and its control of the Suez Canal, is exceptionally positioned to serve as a global logistics hub. This study adopts a descriptive analytical approach based on secondary data from national sources and international databases. It examines the role of investments in five major Egyptian ports (East Port Said, Sokhna, Damietta, Alexandria, and Abu Qir) in supporting logistics corridors and enhancing national competitiveness. Given the ongoing development of logistics corridors in Egypt and the absence of standardized national corridor performance indicators, the analysis relies on proxy measures such as container throughput growth, engagement of global shipping lines, and selected international logistics performance indices. The findings indicate that port investments have contributed to increased container handling capacity, stronger integration with global liner networks, and improvements in selected international performance rankings. The paper concludes with recommendations aimed at maximizing the benefits of port investments through integrated corridor development, governance reforms, and strategic marketing of Egypt as a global logistics hub.
REDUCING SHIP FUEL CONSUMPTION THROUGH INTEGRATED ROUTE AND SPEED OPTIMIZATION: A MATHEMATICAL MODELING APPROACH
The global maritime sector is currently navigating a critical period, marked by the dual pressures of stringent international environmental regulations, and escalating marine fuel costs. These factors necessitate a fundamental shift in operational strategies to prioritize both decarbonization and economic efficiency. In addressing this challenge, this research introduces a novel dual-optimization model that integrates two crucial elements of voyage planning: optimal speed determination and dynamic route planning. While the benefits of individual optimization strategies are well-documented, this study focuses on quantifying the significant, synergistic fuel-saving potential realized when both parameters are optimized within a single, cohesive framework. A robust mathematical model was developed and subsequently implemented in MATLAB, allowing for the systematic calculation of fuel consumption across every segment of a voyage and the simultaneous optimization of both speed and routing variables. The model’s efficacy was rigorously validated through a case study involving a representative container vessel conducting a voyage between two regional ports, utilizing actual, real- world operational data. The results demonstrate that the integrated approach achieved substantial fuel savings, registering an approximate 14% reduction in consumption when compared against conventional, fixed-speed operational methods. This work contributes a practical, accessible, and easily reproducible mathematical framework designed for direct application by marine engineers and voyage planners. By advancing integrated voyage optimization, this research offers a practical method for achieving greater sustainability and tangible cost efficiencies in daily maritime operations.
Assessing Climate Change Impacts on Potential Wave Heights and Coastal Inundation in Perth, Australia: A Numerical Modelling Approach
In view of the ongoing global climate changes, low-lying coastal cities of the world, including Perth in Western Australia, are encountering escalating threats from extreme wave events along with sea level rise. This research focuses on the compounding impacts of climate change on wave heights and coastal inundation forms using an integrative numerical modelling approach. Implementing high-resolution bathymetric data, 45-year offshore wave hindcasts, and IPCC AR6 sea-level rise projections across different Representative Concentration Pathways, the work has been able to simulate coastal hazard scenarios using DHI MIKE 21. The existing literature points out seasonal swell regimes and low-frequency cyclonic activity as the main drivers of Perth's vulnerability, but there are few studies that describe it risk under changing climate. This research addresses this gap by linking Extreme Value Analysis (EVA) to scenario-based modelling in order to profile significant wave characteristics and coastal flooding changes. The outcomes show that historic and future Hags differ up to 10% in the prevalence of significant wave heights across major prevailing swell directions (180°, 225°, 270°) with significant wave height overstepping 9.2 m under the extreme RCP 8.5 (SSP5-8.5) LC scenarios. Inundation footprints for Fremantle and Mullaloo back under 100-year return periods and high-emissions scenarios significantly reflect inland penetration, posing a serious threat to the coastal environment, and showcasing the importance of adaptive coastal infrastructure development and resilience planning. The study emphasizes the effectiveness of numerical methods to understand and estimate climate change through coastal interactions. Therefore, it should be considered as the basis of proactive adaptation guidelines. The results add to the ongoing academic conversation around climate-resilient urban planning and promote the enhancement of predictive skills for coastal hazard assessments under deep uncertainty.
EGYPTIAN DRY PORTS AND THEIR ROLE IN ENHANCING LOGISTICS CORRIDORS: AN ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND LOGISTICAL PERSPECTIVE
This study analyzes the role of Egyptian dry ports in enhancing the efficiency of logistics corridors by examining their economic, environmental, and logistical contributions, particularly in improving foreign trade competitiveness, reducing transportation and handling costs, and supporting sustainable development objectives. The research adopts a descriptive analytical approach the competitive environment in which Egyptian dry ports operate, complemented by a systematic review of the most recent literature up to 2025. The study offers a unique contribution by integrating economic, environmental, and logistical perspectives within a single analytical framework and linking these to broader themes of sustainability and digital transformation—an area that remains insufficiently addressed in both Arabic and international literature. The findings enrich academic knowledge by presenting a comprehensive model that future research can use to assess dry ports’ roles in sustainable supply chains. Practically, the study provides policy-relevant guidance for decision-makers and logistics stakeholders, emphasizing the importance of diversifying service providers, strengthening multimodal transport integration, investing in digitization and smart logistics systems, and adopting environmentally responsible operational strategies to enhance competitiveness and support national economic development.
BRIDGING THE DIGITAL DIVIDE: THE AODR FRAMEWORK FOR WORKFORCE CAPACITY BUILDING IN AIRPORT OPERATIONS FOR SMART GREEN LOGISTICS CORRIDORS
Digitalization and automation are revolutionizing airport operations, leading to a significant skills gap between existing personnel and the demands of Industry 4.0. This study introduces and validates the Airport Operations Digital Readiness (AODR) framework—an innovative, competency-based, simulation-driven training model specifically designed to integrate technical skill development with organizational change management. This framework has been implemented within the Operations Department of the Egyptian Holding Company for Airports and Air Navigation, employing a robust mixed-methods design that incorporates a blend of pre- and post-competency assessments, technology adoption metrics, and in-depth qualitative interviews. The aim is to identify critical competency domains while evaluating the effectiveness of the training initiatives. Anticipated outcomes include enhanced technology adoption, a reduction in operational errors, and practical guidance intended for scalable capacity building across diverse contexts. This study contributes a reusable training framework, setting the foundation for longitudinal research aimed at AI integration and sustainable operations management in the aviation sector.
AI AND IoT FOR SMART TERMINALS: PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE IN THE ERA OF DIGITALISED LOGISTICS CORRIDORS
The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) is transforming predictive maintenance in container terminals by enabling improved equipment reliability, safety, and sustainability. This paper presents a pilot-scale engineering validation conducted at Trans Misr Terminal (TMT), Alexandria, aimed at assessing the technical feasibility and methodological soundness of an AI- and IoT-based predictive maintenance framework under real operational conditions. The study was intentionally conducted on a single container-handling crane as a temporary pilot prior to full-scale deployment. Real-time IoT sensor data were integrated with vibration monitoring, periodic thermographic inspections, and oil-analysis diagnostics within a cloud-based analytics platform. Ensemble machine-learning techniques, including Random Forest and Quantile Random Forest models, were applied to support early degradation detection and uncertainty-aware maintenance planning. The pilot results indicate improved maintenance responsiveness and positive trends in reliability-related performance indicators such as Mean Moves Between Failures and Mean Time to Repair. While the findings are not statistically generalizable due to the limited scope, they confirm the engineering feasibility of AI-assisted predictive maintenance as a foundation for future terminal-wide implementation and smart, sustainable port operations.
HUMAN-CENTERED DESIGN AT SEA: SEAFARERS’ COMFORT PRIORITIES AS A FOUNDATION FOR DEVELOPING THE MARITIME COMFORT INDEX (MCI)
Working and living at sea is a demanding experience that challenges both the physical and psychological probability of living for seafarers. While technological innovation, emissions reduction, and infrastructure development have advanced maritime efficiency, the comfort and well- being of those onboard remain underexplored dimensions of maritime design and sustainability. This study adopts a human-centred design perspective to evaluate seafarers’ perceptions of key onboard comfort factors that influence performance, satisfaction, and quality of life at sea. Six environmental and psychological comfort dimensions—lighting, noise, whole-body vibration, air conditioning quality and ventilation, space arrangement, and psychological comfort—were examined across four functional zones on board: workspaces, accommodation, leisure areas, and corridors. The study introduces a methodological framework that integrates empirical perception data with measurable comfort indicators, forming the basis for a proposed Maritime Comfort Index (MCI). The MCI aims to quantify comfort levels and guide evidence-based improvements in ship interior design and operation. By embedding human comfort into maritime design and regulatory practice, this research contributes to the broader pursuit of sustainable, efficient, and resilient maritime logistics systems that prioritise both safety and well-being.
DECARBONIZING FREIGHT TRANSPORT: ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF DIRECT SEAWATER ELECTROLYSIS FOR MARITIME HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
The use of hydrogen and its derivates is essential for the decarbonization of freight transport, including ports and maritime logistics. Ensuring sufficient hydrogen production is therefore crucial; yet in regions with limited accessto renewable and cheap energy, such as Germany, many ports rely on hydrogen imports to meet their needs. Even though large- scale hydrogen imports are necessary to meet future hydrogen demand at competitive prices, current geopolitical developments, such as the war in Ukraine and conflicts in the Middle East, highlight the vulnerability of global supply chains. Therefore, an additional local production is required to ensure resilience and independence. For the production of green hydrogen, sufficient amounts of water and renewable energy are essential. Commonly, electrolysis requires high- purity freshwater. In the near future, thisreliance may cause challenges for global drinking water supply, especially but not only in arid regions. In response, the SeaEly project aims to use seawater directly as feedstock for electrolysis. This approach leverages the abundance of seawater worldwide and reduces energy consumption by eliminating the need for water pre- treatment. To achieve the project’s goals, special membranes are being developed to withstand the high salinity of seawater in oppose to other current research projects focusing on the indirect seawater electrolysis. The economic effects of using seawater instead of freshwater for electrolysis, and of using different electricity sources depending on its location along the German North Sea coast, are analyzed in this work. For electricity demands, grid, renewable and surplus energy from local windfarms are considered through an analysis of the 2024 redispatch data. Overall, this analysis gives insights into the viability of Germany as a hydrogen production location. The analysis results indicate that hydrogen can be produced at minimum production costs of 4.4 €/kg in Brunsbüttel by utilizing existing wind energy surpluses.
Numerical Prediction of the Potential Tsunami Wave Heights and Inundation Zones for the Coastal Region of Alexandria, Egypt
The escalating susceptibility of Mediterranean coastal communities to tsunami threats necessitates the implementation of comprehensive, data-informed solutions that connect coastal modelling with effective risk reduction. This work utilizes high-resolution numerical simulations to assess the effects of tsunamis produced by various seismic return periods on Alexandria and Eastern Mediterranean Sea. The study employs a scenario-based methodology to quantify essential tsunami parameters, including wave height, flood extent, withdrawal amplitudes, and current velocities, for earthquake magnitudes between Mw 7.15 and Mw 8.5. The findings indicate a nonlinear increase in hazard intensity with rising magnitude, resulting in extreme situations where flood areas reach 114 km2 and current speeds approach 20 m/s. These findings reveal possible shortcomings in current planning frameworks that emphasize moderate return periods while neglecting the catastrophic possibility of low-probability, high-impact occurrences. The study advocates for a paradigm shift in coastal infrastructure development, asserting that design standards and zoning rules must be adjusted to account for both probable situations and worst-case estimates. Moreover, it promotes the incorporation of early warning indicators, such as substantial sea withdrawals. The suggested techniques are not solely technical solutions but integral to a comprehensive vision for safeguarding Alexandria from severe coastal threats. This study advances a novel approach to coastal risk management that is proactive, inclusive, and grounded on scientific coastal principles.
AGILE, CRITICAL THINKING AND AI-ENABLED MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORKS FOR GREEN LOGISTIC CORRIDORS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TRADITIONAL AND ADAPTIVE APPROACHES
Green Logistic Corridors (GLCs) appear as strategic feedback to the dual challenge of decarbonizing global supply chains while maintaining or enhancing the efficiency, resilience and competitiveness of global trade. However, the dominant management approach used to develop these corridors remains anchored in traditional, linear and highly bureaucratic project management models, which are often too rigid to address the high ambiguity, technological transitions and multi- stakeholder involvement associated with sustainable maritime infrastructure. This paper presents a comparative management framework that examines two distinct approaches to the development of GLCs. The first one is a conventional, plan-driven model based on fixed objectives, sequential execution and hierarchical decision-making, while the second is an adaptive model that integrates Agile practices, structured critical thinking and virtual resources such as AI agents, digital twins and automation to enhance continuous learning, stakeholder alignment and operational performance.
FROM COOPERATION TO INTEGRATION: A LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ADVANCING GCC MARITIME GOVERNANCE TOWARD SUPRANATIONAL REGULATORY CONVERGENCE IN ARABIAN GULF LOGISTICS
The Arabian Gulf’s critical position in global maritime trade—particularly as a strategic energy corridor—has placed increasing pressure on Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states to strengthen regional maritime governance. Despite individual advancements in port infrastructure, digital transformation, and national maritime legislation, GCC maritime policies remain fragmented, lacking a unified regulatory or institutional framework. This paper investigates the legal and operational implications of this fragmentation and explores potential pathways toward supranational regulatory convergence. Drawing on doctrinal legal analysis and comparative insights from the European Union's maritime governance model, the study assesses the feasibility of phased legal integration across the Gulf region. Key thematic areas include: (1) the Gulf’s geopolitical and trade significance; (2) inter-state port competition and its impact on logistics coordination; (3) the absence of binding regional legal instruments; (4) inconsistent digital governance initiatives; and (5) the need for a unified, enforceable maritime legal framework. The paper concludes by proposing a staged legal integration roadmap aligned with regional realities, emphasizing institutional development, digital harmonization, and shared regulatory enforcement. This research fills a critical gap in applied legal studies on maritime integration in the GCC and offers a foundation for future policy alignment.
ASSESSING THE RELATION BETWEEN E-PROCUREMENT AND PROCUREMENT PERFORMANCE IN THE HEALTHCARE INDUSTRY IN EGYPT
This research examines the effect of e-procurement and e-tendering implementation on the procurement efficiency in Egypt's healthcare industry. It aims to identify how digital procurement technology contributes to improving efficiency, transparency, and supplier collaboration and overcoming some of the challenges for the industry, including system integration, deficiency in training, and limited digital readiness by testing two hypotheses: H1: E-Sourcing have positive significant impact on Procurement Performance and H2: E-Tendering have positive significant impact on Procurement Performance. A mixed-method design was used to fulfil the research aim by using structured Likert scale survey to collect quantitative data from ninety-eight procurement officials in the public and private hospitals. This is followed by four semi-structured interviews with open ended questions to collect qualitative data for cross-validation. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and regression models were applied to examine the data and identify the strength and significance of the relationship between e- procurement variables and procurement performance indicators. Followed by Thematic analysis to validate the key themes of the statistical tools result. The results show that the implementation of e-sourcing and e-tendering has a positive correlation with the procurement performance in terms of cost efficiency enhancement, procurement speed, and transparency. H1 and H2 were confirmed, demonstrating significant improvement in coordination and efficiency. While the quantitative method offered statistical proof. the qualitative data was submitted to thematic analysis, which is a technique for detecting, interpreting, and reporting patterns (themes) in data. The thematic analysis of the interview data showed four themes that are critical to understanding the effect and implementation of e-procurement in Egypt. Those themes are: Transformative Impact of E-Procurement on Performance, Factors Influencing E- Procurement Success, Organizational Adaptation and User Familiarity and Distinction and Complementarity of E-Sourcing and E-Tendering. Lastly, this research provides empirical evidence that e-procurement is a key driver of procurement performance enhancement in Egypt's healthcare sector in accordance with country-level digital transformation visions. The research contributes to scholarly research as well as real-world strategies for enhancing healthcare supply chains through digital innovation.
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN MARITIME LOGISTICS: A BIBLIOMETRIC REVIEW OF PORT MODERNIZATION, CARGO HANDLING EFFICIENCY, AND TURNAROUND OPTIMIZATION
This study conducts a bibliometric analysis of scholarly literature on digital transformation in maritime logistics, focusing on port modernization, cargo handling efficiency, and the optimization of turnaround time. This analysis employs 74 papers from the Scopus database (2000–2025) to discern significant research trends, notable authors, collaborative networks, and emerging technologies that are shaping the future of port operations. The findings demonstrate a substantial increase in research activity post- 2020, driven by the incorporation of technologies such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, automation, and decision support systems. Thematic mapping shows that there are two main groups: one focused on operations research and optimization, and the other on smart port development and systems automation. Keyword analysis also shows that people are paying more attention to sustainability, digital innovation, and performance evaluation. Asia, particularly China and South Korea, is very good at publishing, but international cooperation is still not very strong. This paper presents a framework that connects digital enablers to operational and environmental outcomes in maritime logistics. It outlines potential directions for future research, including empirical validation of technological impacts, comprehensive geographical comparisons, and the integration of ethical and cybersecurity considerations. The research provides valuable insights for academics and practitioners aiming to align port innovation with strategic performance and sustainability goals.
A MULTIDIMENSIONAL ASSESSMENT OF FRANCE’S VULNERABILITY TO MARITIME TRADE
Recent disruptions, including the COVID-19 pandemic, security incidents in the Red Sea, and water shortages in the Panama Canal have revealed how dependent are countries and industries on maritime shipping routes. Yet systematic, data-driven assessments of national vulnerability to maritime disruptions remain limited. This study develops a multidimensional conceptual and empirical framework for assessing maritime trade vulnerability. It distinguishes three complementary dimensions captured by a Logistics Exposure Index (LEI), a Commercial Exposure Index (CEI), and a Cost-Value Sensitivity Index (CVSI) respectively. These indicators are integrated into a composite Maritime Supply-Chain Vulnerability Index (MSCVI) which summarizes the structural fragility of a country to maritime trade networks. Using a dataset for France comprising information on more than 826,790 trade flows for 93 products from 2016 to 2021, the analysis reveals that maritime vulnerability is widespread but uneven: roughly half of the 93 products imported and exported fall within high or critical vulnerability categories. Manufactured goods, ores, works of art, and live animals show particularly elevated risk due to overlapping exposure channels.
THE ROLE OF EMPATHY AND PERCEIVED USEFULNESS IN SHAPING EMOTIONAL ENGAGEMENT AND DIGITAL TRUST IN CHATBOT CUSTOMER SERVICE WITHIN E- COMMERCE
Artificial intelligence in chatbots is growing in use as an alternative to human-customer services, specifically in e-commerce. This paper explores how two key attributes of chatbots, empathy and perceived usefulness, enhance the overall customer experience by fostering trust and emotional engagement. The paper is based on previous theoretical foundations. A pilot study was conducted with 50 participants who had experienced chatbots in e-commerce before. Responses were gathered through an online survey using a Google Form, which was spread via social media platforms, to test the reliability and validity. A multiple regression-based structural equation modeling was used to analyze the relationships. The results indicate that perceived usefulness significantly enhances digital trust, while its effect on emotional engagement is positive but marginal. Empathy did not significantly influence either outcome. These findings suggest that the functional benefits of chatbots may be more influential than emotional cues in shaping customer perceptions in e-commerce. The paper provides some suggestions for businesses, by which they should design a chatbot with human-like characteristics and gain an advantage from using a system, especially in complex inquiries, to enhance empathy and perceive usefulness. Consequently, consumers&#39; digital trust and emotional engagement towards systems will increase, addressing positive perception in the E-commerce context. This paper extends the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Social Response theory to chatbot communication and support dimensions into how psychological barriers, such as digital trust and emotional engagement, can enhance overall customer perception. Also, it offers a theoretically grounded and empirically tested measurement foundation for future research.
EMERGING ECONOMY SMART PORT ADOPTION: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN DIGITAL MARITIME INFRASTRUCTURE TRANSFORMATION
Technological progress in the global maritime sector is both an opportunity and challenge for developing nations adopting smart port technologies. While ports such as Rotterdam, Singapore, and Hamburg have success stories in the digitalization of global shipping, developing nation ports often lack basic infrastructure and other institutional gaps. Between 2020 and 2025, we focused on smart port technology in six emerging economy port case studies: Lagos, Alexandria, Conakry, Tema, Casablanca and Santos. We identified the persistent issues using the digital transformation metrics framework based on advanced ports. Stakeholders in the fragmented systems demonstrated inadequate operational processes, old and irrelevant policies, and low levels of technical know-how. Problems such as the operational systems, electricity, and internet were interrelated and compounded each other. Alexandria port is exemplary. It shows that operational sophistication is possible for emerging economy ports through global partnerships with international terminal operators, regional development, bank financing, and innovative cross-border collaboration. Alexandria Port is operationally self-sustaining and does not need to adopt the Northern European systems. With regards to this, the most illustrative is Misr terminal: combining clean energy systems with LED lights and smart digital systems for environmental management. The more general finding across all six cases identifies ‘functioning’ pragmatic solutions: the gradual implementation of technology instead of jumping to full automation, the prioritization of sequenced improvements based on the immediacy of value, and the integrated cross of digitalization and sustainability, as opposed to the compartmentalization of these two objectives.
THE HETEROGENEOUS DETERMINANTS OF GLOBAL VALUE CHAIN PARTICIPATION IN ARAB ECONOMIES
Despite their strategic location and resource wealth, Arab countries remain under- integrated into global value chains (GVCs), often confined to upstream hydrocarbon exports with limited domestic value addition. This paper examines GVC participation determinants across 13 Arab economies from 1995 to 2024, using a dynamic panel dataset analyzing oil exporters, diversified economies, and fragile states. Using fixed and random effects models with interaction terms and extending GVC indicators through a validated forecasting framework, the study reveals heterogeneous policy effectiveness. Results show economic development and trade openness enhance GVC integration, but key drivers vary by context. For oil exporters, digital infrastructure and human capital yield positive returns within resource-centric models, while exchange rate appreciation has limited effects due to dollar pegs. Diversified economies benefit from efficiency-seeking foreign direct investment and strong institutions but are sensitive to exchange rate competitiveness losses. In fragile states, basic digital access and primary education enable modest entry into low-complexity GVCs despite governance deficits. The findings show a uniform GVC strategy is ineffective for the Arab region. Instead, tailored policies-from strategic FDI attraction in diversified economies to foundational investments in fragile contexts-are essential. The paper provides the first comprehensive typology of Arab economies' integration pathways and offers context- specific policy guidance aligned with the Arab League's 2030 agenda.
HULL-CLIMBING ROBOT FOR CORROSION INSPECTION
Corrosion remains a major threat to maritime structures, motivating safer and faster inspections. We present an integrated system for ship-hull corrosion assessment that combines an autonomous ferromagnetic climbing robot with ultrasonic thickness (UT) sensors and a machine-learning classifier. The robot uses magnetic adhesion to achieve stable traversal of painted steel hulls and acquires UT data without removing protective coatings, enabling fully non-destructive testing (NDT). UT signals are processed to estimate local thickness and derive features for corrosion inference. A gradient-boosted classifier model (HistGradientBoosting) trained on synthetic UT datasets achieves a ROC AUC of 0.97; field trials on operational vessels are planned to validate performance and measure corrosion level. We also analyzed relationships among thickness, time in service, and coating condition to contextualize risk. By consolidating robotic mobility, UT-based sensing, and data-driven inference into a single workflow, the system provides a practical foundation for predictive maintenance of maritime assets while reducing exposure to hazardous manual inspections.
MACHINE LEARNING-ENHANCED SUPPLY CHAIN RISK MANAGEMENT FOR DEMAND FORECASTING ACCURACY: EVIDENCE FROM THE EGYPTIAN FMCG SECTOR
The name of the author who will actually present it at the Conference should be underlined. Traditional demand forecasting methods in fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) supply chains increasingly prove inadequate for mitigating demand variability driven by supply disruptions, market volatility, and complex risk factors. While machine learning (ML) and supply chain risk management (SCRM) have emerged as distinct optimization strategies, empirical evidence integrating the two remains limited. This study examines whether ML-enhanced SCRM improves demand forecasting accuracy in FMCG operations. Using a sequential mixed- methods design, we conducted semi-structured interviews (n = 7 companies) and administered a structured survey (n = 55 professionals; 58.5% response rate) across Egyptian FMCG firms. Multiple regression analysis revealed that both ML integration (β = 0.20, p &lt; .05) and SCRM maturity (β = 0.35, p &lt; .01) significantly predict forecast accuracy (R² = .21, F(3,116) = 10.23, p &lt; .001). Mediation analysis (Sobel z = 2.15, p &lt; .05) confirmed that SCRM partially mediates the relationship between ML-forecast accuracy and the outcome. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients demonstrated strong internal consistency across constructs (α = .83-.89). Findings underscore that ML efficacy requires complementary risk governance structures; standalone algorithmic implementation yields suboptimal forecasting improvements. This study contributes a validated empirical framework linking predictive analytics to risk governance for FMCG managers and supply chain scholars navigating digital transformation.
WAVE HEIGHT PREDICTION WITH GRADIENT BOOSTING: CASE STUDY IN JAMAICA BAY, NEW YORK
This study introduces a machine learning framework for forecasting wave heights in back- barrier bays using meteorological inputs, specifically wind and pressure data. A high-resolution coupled hydrodynamic-wave model, driven by local weather station data and ERA5 reanalysis, produced a 40-year (1980-2019) hindcast of wave heights in Jamaica Bay, New York. After validation and bias correction using field measurements, the model output was used to train a CatBoost model. Comparative analysis at two locations showed that machine learning predictions closely matched numerical model results while reducing computational cost. The machine learning model achieved slightly Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Errors (MAE) values, with RMSEs of 0.065 m and 0.11 m, and MAEs of 0.045 m and 0.08 m. To demonstrate practical application, a two-week hourly forecast was generated using GFS weather input. This study highlights the potential of machine learning as a fast, accurate, and efficient tool for wave height forecasting in data-scarce coastal environments.
A NATURE-BASED MULTIFUNCTIONAL ISLAND FOR COASTAL PROTECTION AND STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE SUEZ CANAL
This study evaluates the performance of a lotus-shaped artificial island as a nature- based intervention for shoreline stabilization and sediment management in the Bitter Lakes section of the Suez Canal. Building on prior hydrodynamic modeling studies, the current work integrates geotechnical feasibility, long-term shoreline evolution, and cost-benefit analysis to assess the island’s multidisciplinary performance. Using the MIKE 21 FM and LITPACK numerical models, simulations showed that the proposed island could reduce wave heights by ~30% and vessel- induced current velocities by 30–40%, contributing to shoreline accretion of up to 6.5 meters per year. Sediment deposition increased in flow shadow zones, minimizing scouring and enhancing long-term stability. Geotechnical analysis of Bitter Lakes subsoil revealed weak silty clays, for which a composite ground improvement system—incorporating geotextiles and compacted fill— was proposed to ensure foundation stability. Economic modeling estimated annual dredging cost savings between $37.8 and $66.15 million, with an expected return on investment (ROI) in 5–7 years. While previous publications addressed the hydrodynamic effects of the island form (El Selmy et al., 2025), this study extends the assessment by integrating geotechnical design and economic performance into a unified feasibility framework. The findings confirm the viability of the lotus island as a scalable, cost-effective infrastructure intervention for sediment-prone, vessel- dominated waterways.
ASSESSING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF IRAQ’S LOGISTIC CORRIDORS THROUGH MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT AND SWOT FRAMEWORK
Multimodal transport in Iraq is one of the most important sectors that Iraq has recently focused on. It also works to improve the logistics of various types of transport corridors: sea, land, and rail, within the framework of international trade systems. However, multimodal transport in Iraq faces many challenges, weaknesses, and threats that affect this pivotal sector of the Iraqi economy. This is despite Iraq&#39;s strengths, whether in its geographical location, oil reserves, or labor, as well as several advanced seaports, most notably the Grand Faw Port, a qualitative leap in the Iraqi seaport sector. Furthermore, the paper analyzes the means and possibilities of future connectivity between Iraq and several countries in the Middle East and Europe via the development road linking Iraq to Turkey, making trade between Iraq and Europe more fluid. The research paper attempts to present the various modes of transport in Iraq, while conducting a SWOT analysis of the internal and external environment, the status of multimodal transport in Iraq, and its most important obstacles. It also comes up with several recommendations that help raise the efficiency of multimodal transport in Iraq and maximize its productivity at all levels.
GEOPOLITICAL RISK AND REAL INVESTMENTS IN SHIPPING COMPANIES: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS BASED LITERATURE REVIEW
Geopolitical threats and events have significantly increased geopolitical risk in the first two decades of the 21st century. A growing body of research examines the impact of geopolitical risk on the macroeconomic environment and on companies&#39; financial decision-making. No previous studies have investigated the effect of geopolitical risk on the effectiveness of corporate investment in shipping. This distinction is crucial because the success of business investments determines a company&#39;s value, economic growth, and overall economic health. Managers need to understand how geopolitical risk influences a company&#39;s investment decisions, allowing them to develop flexible strategies that mitigate risks and optimize resource use. This study aims to explore recent developments and identify research gaps related to geopolitical risk and real investments in shipping companies. The goal is to gain a comprehensive understanding of geopolitics, a relatively new field that has gained interest over the last five years due to rapid and recurring geopolitical events. This growing interest is reflected in the number of published articles: only 11 articles appeared between 2018 and 2021, while 23 articles related to this topic were published in 2022, marking a significant rise. The number of published articles has grown exponentially, reaching 36 in 2024. This study conducted a thorough review of international literature on the subject using the Web of Science database. An extensive bibliometric analysis was performed utilizing the R language and the bibliometric package. Visualization tools were used to provide an overview of the field and to clarify key thematic areas. The results highlight the progress of research on &quot;Geopolitical Risk and Real Investments in Shipping Companies,&quot; emphasizing major contributors, countries, and institutions. The paper explores various categories systematically used to classify the selected documents, including areas such as shipping companies, economics, finance, transportation and logistics, and international relations and geopolitics (called "geopolitical risk").
REIMAGINING URBAN LOGISTICS IN RAPIDLY URBANISING CITIES: WALKABILITY, SHARED MOBILITY, AND GREEN LAST-MILE CORRIDORS
There is an urgent need to decarbonise urban freight systems, which has fueled growing interest in sustainable models for last-mile delivery. This trend is especially pronounced in rapidly urbanising cities that face infrastructural, regulatory, and resource constraints. Concepts such as the 15-minute city, micro-consolidation centres (MCCs), and shared mobility platforms have each contributed to advancing urban sustainability. However, few frameworks integrate all these innovations into a single, unified logistics model that can adapt to diverse urban contexts. This paper presents the Green Urban Logistics Corridor (GULC) model - a modular, scalable framework centred on five core elements: walkable urban form, micro-consolidation infrastructure, low-emission last-mile fleets, shared logistics platforms, and governance-enabled data integration. By synthesising academic literature with a comparative case study of selected cities, this paper illustrates how both rapidly urbanising and developed cities are using parts of the GULC model to reconfigure their last-mile delivery systems. The findings indicate that the GULC model provides a flexible blueprint for integrating sustainability and accessibility into urban logistics, thereby supporting decarbonisation targets as well as broader livability goals. This study's primary contribution is to fill a gap in the research by articulating a comprehensive, theoretically grounded model that aligns logistics innovation with pedestrian-oriented city planning.
PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION EMISSION: TRENDS AND PROJECTIONS TILL 2050
The environmental aspect of transportation mode choice has become an increasingly significant factor in individual's behaviour. By utilizing historical and current emissions data, it is possible to project future emission trends, which can be used for transport policies at both micro and macro levels. Emission factors are commonly used in studies addressing greenhouse gas emissions and decarbonization strategies. The research aimed to explore the projected trends in emissions from various transportation modes up to 2050. Based on the slope of the trendline of the scatter plot, we were able to determine whether the trend indicates an increase or decrease in emissions for each transportation mode. In first scenario, analysis of emissions data from the years 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, and 2024, indicates that emissions will rise across all transportation modes, except for trains, which are projected to achieve zero-emission operation after 2040. Among the other transportation modes, emissions from ships are expected to increase the fastest, followed by cars, airplanes, and motorcycles, with buses exhibiting the slowest growth. The results of the applied method deviate from the expected emission trend, presented in the second scenario, which predicted a decrease in emissions. This raises the question of the challenges in predicting future emission trends and highlights the need to develop mathematical models that account for both the current state and the uncertainty of future developments in decision-making.
The Relationship Between Emerging Technologies, Logistics Efficiency and Sustainability
In the contemporary era, companies seeking to strike a balance between social responsibility, the conservation of the environment, and economic growth must prioritize sustainability. Apart from strategic alignment, the inclusion of emerging technologies and innovative practices enables the achievement of sustainability goals. Emerging technologies like artificial intelligence, blockchain, the Internet of Things (IoT), and autonomous vehicles and drones have revolutionary potential to enhance sustainability through facilitating more intelligent decision-making, resource optimization, and supply chain transparency. Nevertheless, there is still a scarcity of research investigating how technological developments influence sustainability outcomes, despite the growing interest in technology-driven sustainability. This research fills this gap by highlighting the mediating role of logistics efficiency in enhancing the relationship between emerging technologies and sustainability. Converting technological advancements into real sustainability benefits is achieved through efficient logistical activities, including optimizing transportation, inventory management, warehousing, and distribution operations. The goal of this study is to investigate the correlation between emerging technologies, logistics effectiveness, and sustainability, with logistics efficiency serving as a crucial mediator that amplifies the influence of technology adoption on achieving sustainability goals. This study adopted a narrative literature review approach to address the relationship between emerging technologies, logistics efficiency, and sustainability. Therefore, a conceptual framework was developed to fill the gap in the literature by emphasizing the mediating role of logistics efficiency, stressing the importance of effective logistics systems in the quest for sustainability achievement.
Bridging Cultural Barriers in Global Supply Chain Collaboration: A Systematic Review of Mechanisms, Mediators, and Performance Outcomes
Purpose: This paper synthesizes recent evidence on how global supply chain (GSC) partners bridge cultural barriers and how cultural, relational, and structural antecedents translate into collaboration and performance outcomes. Methodology: A systematic review of 41 peer-reviewed studies published between 2021 and 2025 was conducted using the Web of Science Core Collection. Studies were screened using explicit inclusion/exclusion criteria focused on culture-related mechanisms in interorganizational collaboration; data were extracted and thematically coded to identify antecedents, mediators, and outcomes. Findings: The literature shows a clear shift from conceptual work (2021–2022) to empirical testing (2023 onward). Across studies, cultural distance, cultural intelligence, and organizational culture affect collaboration primarily through mediators especially trust, information/knowledge sharing, and supply chain integration thereby influencing operational, financial, innovation, resilience, and sustainability outcomes. Practical Implications: Managers should treat culture as a governable collaboration capability, combining relational governance (trust-building, communication routines) with integration practices and knowledge-sharing systems. Value: The review consolidates fragmented findings into a relational-capability chain (Antecedents → Mediators → Outcomes) that clarifies how cultural differences become either friction or advantage in cross-border supply networks.
INTEGRATING CLIMATE RESILIENCE AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY PRINCIPLES IN DEVELOPING GREEN-BLUE LOGISTIC CORRIDORS FOR A ZERO-EMISSION FUTURE
This invited paper is a discussion on the intersection of climate resilience, the principle of a circular economy, and sustainable logistics within the context of emerging Green-Blue Logistic Corridors. It will analyse how there is an increasing need to decarbonize marine and land logistics networks and sustain economic and environmental equilibrium. It suggests a system of creating zero- emission corridors by combining artificial intelligence (AI), smart materials, and renewable energy systems in accordance with the goals of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Agreement. The paper identifies opportunities in which AI-based decision platforms, intelligent materials, and circular logistics systems can jointly turn the maritime and inland transport system into an all-climate-ready and carbon-neutral system.
CONTAINER MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT COLLABORATIVE TRANSPORTATION BASED ON BLOCKCHAIN PLATFORM
Blockchain technology, based on its own characteristics, theoretically can effectively address problems such as lack of trust and difficulty in information sharing in the coordinated operation of multimodal transport. However, in practical operation, how to optimize carrier transport routes based on blockchain platforms and provide appropriate carrier combination strategies is an urgent problem to be solved for multimodal transport applications based on blockchain platforms. This paper designs a blockchain transport platform architecture for multimodal transport based on the transport demands of shippers, and reshapes the operation process of container multimodal transport based on this platform; A multi-agent collaborative decision-making model for container multimodal transport was constructed, and the obtained collaborative strategies were embedded into the application layer of the platform; A smart contract for multimodal transport coordination was written in Solidity and deployed and executed on the Remix platform.
ENHANCING SUPPLY CHAIN INTEROPERABILITY AND RESILIENCE THROUGH PI, DAO, AND SINGLE WINDOW: CASE SCENARIO OF EXPORTING PACKAGED MEDICAMENTS FROM SLOVENIA TO CHINA
Global developments, such as trade tensions, energy crises, and logistics disruptions, necessitate that supply chains adapt quickly and maintain resilience. Due to the high interdependence of actors and the complexity of operations, interoperability has become essential for efficient coordination and information exchange. Solutions are needed that enhance interoperability and resilience through the digitalisation and decentralisation of processes. This paper proposes a model that integrates three existing concepts, Physical Internet (PI), Decentralised Autonomous Organisations (DAO), and Single Window (SW), into the structure of supply chains. The case scenario “Export of Packaged Medicaments from Slovenia to China” is used to illustrate the application of the model and its potential benefits. The proposed approach demonstrates how integrating these concepts can contribute to improved interoperability, process synchronisation, and system resilience, thereby supporting more efficient, transparent, and sustainable global logistics.
A DATA-DRIVEN ROV FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERWATER CRACK DETECTION USING MATHEMATICAL IMAGE ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES
Underwater inspection of concrete systems remains difficult due to turbidity, volatile illumination, and colour attenuation, which considerably reduce the visibility of defects along with cracks. Conventional diver-based techniques often fail to offer consistent assessments underneath those situations. This paper proposes a deployment-orientated ROV inspection framework integrating a lightweight mathematical photo enhancement pipeline to improve underwater crack visibility prior to analysis. The enhancement version combines shade-attenuation reimbursement and assessment stretching to mitigate wavelength loss and expand the dynamic range of submerged imagery. The ROV follows a predefined inspection trajectory with solid movement modelling, permitting systematic frame acquisition and repeatable evaluation. Validation in controlled pool surroundings demonstrates that the enhanced pix show off better clarity, sharper crack limitations, and stepped forward interpretability as compared to uncooked underwater frames, with noticeable noise reduction throughout one-of-a-kind water situations. The proposed integration affords a sensible and efficient method for assisting safer and greater resilient tracking of submerged concrete infrastructure, and it could serve as a basis for future real-global marine deployments.
Investigating the impact of Artificial Intelligence on Environmental supply chain performance through the lens of supply chain resilience
The objective of this research is to conceptualize the mechanisms by which artificial intelligence influences environmental supply chain performance, with a particular focus on the mediating role of supply chain resilience. The study seeks to address the theoretical gap in understanding how AI-driven capabilities translate into environmental benefits within supply chains, particularly in developing economies characterized by volatility and resource constraints. Employing a conceptual methodology, the study integrates the Dynamic Capabilities View with established models of AI capability, resilience, and green supply chain performance. AI is posited as a dynamic capability that enhances an organization’s ability to sense environmental shifts, forecast disruptions, and reconfigure operational processes. The framework theorizes that these capabilities collectively reinforce resilience, enabling supply chains to maintain environmentally responsible performance even under conditions of uncertainty. The results are presented as theoretically derived propositions linking AI capability to environmental performance both directly and indirectly through resilience. These propositions demonstrate that resilience serves as a critical transmission mechanism through which AI exerts its environmental impact, thereby expanding current knowledge on digital sustainability pathways. The conclusion underscores both conceptual and practical implications. For scholars, the study provides a foundation for advancing theoretical models that connect digital capabilities with environmental outcomes. For practitioners and policymakers, the framework highlights the strategic importance of investing in AI applications that bolster resilience as a prerequisite for achieving improvements in environmental performance.
EXPERIMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF HIGH-LIFT VORTEX-TRAP AIRFOILS FOR SHIP ROLL STABILIZATION
The devastating loss of over 1,900 containers from the ONE Apus in 2020 underscored a critical vulnerability in modern shipping: parametric rolling. This study investigates a practical solution to this instability using high-lift vortex-trap air foil stabilizers, which utilize modified leading-edge geometry to improve lift control. Comparative experiments were conducted in a wave tank using a 1:440 scale hull equipped with wireless motion sensors to capture precise dynamic behaviour. The testing revealed a dramatic contrast in performance; while the un-stabilized vessel quickly developed violent roll, the vessel equipped with the fins remained remarkably stable, maintaining roll angles below ±2°. Ultimately, the stabilizers achieved a roll reduction of over 80% and eliminated dangerous drifting tendencies, demonstrating that targeted hydrodynamic interventions can effectively neutralize parametric roll and improve safety at sea.
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF BULBOUS BOW OPTIMIZATION FOR RESISTANCE REDUCTION IN SMALL SHIPS
The bulbous bow is one of the most commonly used hydrodynamic applications for wave- making resistance reduction and fuel saving in ships. However, it is remarkably sensitive to geometrical configuration, wherein poorly designed arrangements can result in an increase in resistance rather than a reduction. Though a substantial amount of work has been accomplished on bulbous bows for bigger ships, smaller ships are surprisingly unrepresented in available literature despite having a higher sensitivity level for geometrical variations. In this research, this issue is examined in a systematic experiment to compare five bulbous bow designs with a baseline ship hull. A special facility with repetitive hydrodynamic forces was used to test unsteady flow phenomena around each bow shape. The hydrodynamic force index was normalised in a way to indicate flow stability, calculated based on unsteady pressure forces in the stagnation part of each bow, with smaller values of this index showing stable flow conditions when closely attached to the bow, while large values characterise flow separation, irregular waves, and high hydrodynamic instability. Results show significant performance variation among the tested designs. The best configuration exhibited very low hydrodynamic force index values of 3 - 4, reflecting good stability of flow, whereas values up to 8 - 9 were reached for less performing designs and the baseline hull, indicating high flow separation. These results confirm the strong dependence that exists between hydrodynamic stability and bulb geometry. This paper presents an experimental basis that underpins bulbous bow optimization in small ships and gives further backing to the development of geometry-driven design guidelines going beyond purely numerical approaches.
Developing an Operations Management Optimization Model for Strategic Positioning of East Port Said in Global Trade Networks
This study develops an Operations Management Optimization Model to enhance the strategic positioning of East Port Said within global trade networks. The research integrates statistical analysis, scenario simulation, and mathematical optimization to improve operational efficiency, reduce vessel turnaround time, optimize berth utilization, and minimize operational costs. Data were collected from historical port records, vessel schedules, and cargo throughput, supplemented by simulated scenarios to validate the model. The proposed model uses a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) framework for berth allocation, crane assignment, and resource scheduling. Key performance indicators (KPIs) were analysed, including vessel turnaround time, berth utilization, cargo throughput, and operational cost per TEU. Simulation results demonstrate that: Adding 2 additional cranes reduced average vessel turnaround time from 22 ± 4 hours to 18 ± 3.5 hours. Berth utilization increased from 75% ± 8% to 78% ± 6% under optimized allocation. Cargo throughput improved from 10,000 ± 1,200 TEU/day to 11,500 ± 1,100 TEU/day. Operational cost per TEU decreased from $120 to $118. These results confirm that strategic resource allocation and infrastructure improvements significantly enhance port performance. The model provides a decision-support tool for port authorities to optimize operations and strengthen East Port Said’s competitiveness in global maritime trade, while offering insights into efficient logistics planning under variable operational conditions.
EGYPT AND THE COMESA BLOC - PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOPING ECONOMIC INTEGRATION AND LOGISTICAL CONNECTIVITY
Increasing exports is one of the most important objectives of current economic policy, given its crucial role in financing development, increasing production, employment, and growth rates, as well as providing foreign currency and improving the balance of payments. The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) is a promising market for Egypt. This study aims to explore the development of foreign trade and logistical connectivity between Egypt and COMESA, using a descriptive and analytical statistical methodology, supported by a survey of 60 traders and experts. This research focuses on the economic impact of COMESA agreements on Egyptian exports and identifies optimal economic trends for these exports, which may benefit policymakers in the Egyptian economy. It employs a descriptive and analytical statistical methodology to identify the logistical challenges and obstacles facing Egyptian exports to COMESA countries. The study revealed a small volume of trade between Egypt and COMESA countries relative to Egypt's total foreign trade, while also showing a positive trend in Egyptian exports to COMESA countries. Their contribution to Egypt's total global exports has increased significantly over the past two decades, resulting in a substantial trade surplus. The research also identifies strategic pillars for strengthening relations, such as industrial expansion and the development of logistics hubs. However, it points to challenges such as the high concentration of Egyptian exports in COMESA markets and weaknesses like the lack of coordinated and sophisticated shipping and logistics systems. Overall, the research indicates that while Egypt has benefited significantly from COMESA, further infrastructure and strategic planning are needed to maximize participation and address identified weaknesses. The paper concludes by identifying the challenges facing the promotion of trade and shipping logistics to COMESA countries and offers recommendations on measures to be considered in international trade logistics activities.
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF OPERATIONAL DOWNTIME AT GARGOUB COMMERCIAL PORT
This study presents a comprehensive numerical assessment of operational downtime at Gargoub Commercial Port, a strategic Mediterranean development in Egypt, under current and projected climate conditions. Coastal ports are increasingly susceptible to wave-induced disturbances and sea- level rise (SLR). A 30-year offshore wave hindcast (1994–2024) was produced using a calibrated MIKE 21 Spectral Waves (SW) model, with the outputs informing simulations of wave behavior in the port basin using MIKE 21 Boussinesq Waves (BW) for two development layouts: the near-complete interim layout (Layout 1) and the final planned expansion (Layout 2). Operational downtime at Gargoub Port was assessed under current and projected SLR conditions following PIANC (2014) quay-specific thresholds. Under Layout 1, bulk carriers and general cargo vessels were largely unaffected under both the baseline and SLR conditions, whereas container and Ro-Ro vessels experienced notable downtime at the more exposed multi-purpose quays. Expansion of the port (Layout 2) eliminated wave-induced downtime for all vessel types, demonstrating enhanced operational resilience. A projected SLR of +1.01 m had a negligible effect on berth-level operations, and full port shutdown at the navigation channel remained nearly unchanged (341–345 hours/year). These findings highlight the importance of port configuration and offshore wave climate in shaping operational performance and demonstrate the applicability of the modeling framework for supporting resilient port planning and management in comparable coastal settings.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE ‘INLAND SHIPPING MILEAGE INDEX’ USING AIS DATA FOR HINTERLAND TRANSPORT MONITORING
Due to growing transport volumes that can no longer be handled by road and rail alone, and the environmental advantages of inland waterway transport (IWT), a modal shift to waterways can be expected. Traffic on German waterways is closely linked to the ARA-seaports of Antwerp (Belgium), Rotterdam (Netherlands) and Amsterdam (Netherlands), which are among the largest in the world. Understanding transport characteristics is vital for the growth of the IWT sector. Germany's main IWT transport statistics are in the annual traffic report by the Federal Waterways and Shipping Agency, based on 35 counting points. Some points provide details like vessel type, direction or load. Others only give the total number of vessels. This limits the report's ability to make specific statements. To close these gaps, the processing of data from the Automatic Identification System (AIS) will be presented, which enables more comprehensive findings on traffic to be computed. Artificial cross-sections from AIS data employed by this study are used to compare the passages of vessels with the 35 counting points from the traffic report. To enable comparison with the dominant mode of transport, road transport, the “truck toll mileage index” developed by the Federal Office for Goods Transport is applied to IWT and leads to the introduction of the “inland shipping mileage index”. Due to erroneous and incomplete AIS data, a systematic processing methodology is introduced. A strong correlation between the processed AIS data and the traffic reports has revealed the quality of the data and the effectiveness of the processing method. The daily mileage is an example of an application that shows weekly and seasonal patterns. Finally, the inland shipping mileage index enables a comparative analysis with road transport and provides a solid database for future challenges in the development of hinterland connections for the most important European seaports.
ENHANCING PORT CYBER RESILIENCE THROUGH CYBER PHYSICAL SECURITY ASSESSMENT
Marine ports are critical elements of the global supply chain and maritime transportation sector, facilitating the transportation of goods, energy, and information across the globe. Ports as part of the critical infrastructure sector, experience rapid transformation driven by digitalization, sustainability requirements and the need for the reduction of carbon emissions and environmental impact. This has led to the intensified exposure of ports to multiple and diverse cyber threats stemming from the vulnerabilities and the wider attack surface created through the integration of operational technologies (OT) with information technologies (IT) and the development of more efficient but complex cyber- physical systems. Ports now face a growing threat landscape where cyber attacks can disrupt both digital systems and infrastructure as well as physical operations, leading to cascading effects on international trade and economic stability. This article explores the imperative of strengthening port resilience through comprehensive cyber physical security assessment. It presents a case study of a cyber attack on a cold iron plant—a facility that supplies shore-side electrical power to docked ships—highlighting how a targeted breach led to operational paralysis and safety hazards. Using bow tie analysis, the study maps the causal pathways from threat sources to consequences, identifying critical barriers and recovery measures. This method provides a structured framework for visualizing risk scenarios and enhancing decision-making in security planning. By examining the intersection of digitalization and physical infrastructure in marine ports, the article underscores the need for proactive security strategies that bridge cyber and physical domains. It advocates for the adoption of integrated assessment models that not only detect vulnerabilities but also quantify potential impacts and guide mitigation efforts. Ultimately, enhancing port resilience requires a paradigm shift—from reactive cybersecurity to holistic cyber physical security governance—ensuring that ports remain robust, adaptive, and secure in the face of increasingly sophisticated cyber threats.
INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS AS A GREEN CORRIDOR FOR SMALL COMMUNITIES: THE ECONEXUS MODEL
Sustainable actions to transform waste into resources are current concerns for local, national, regional and global communities. Practices for managing water, energy and material flows are concerns for local communities. These concerns are integrated within research that aims to achieve a technology transfer from research organizations to industry and to constitute a coherent model.The approach focuses on short and controlled pathways for resource circulation, enabled through technology transfer from research institutions to local industrial and community actors. The paper outlines the conceptual architecture of the ECONEXUS framework and its early‐ stage methodological structure, encompassing performance indicators for water recovery, energy balance, material and nutrient circularity, operational stability, and system adaptability. Preliminary insights from pilot case studies are used to explore system behaviour and module interactions under diverse operational conditions. Findings suggest that modular industrial symbiosis can sustain stable local resource loops and act as a decentralized logistics corridor for secondary resources. Although the research remains in its initial implementation phase, the framework shows promising applicability to rural, peri‐ urban, and mixed territories, including port‐ related contexts, advancing broader goals of smart and resilient logistics corridors.
MIGRATION LAYERS AND CORRIDOR RESILIENCE ON THE DANUBE–BLACK SEA LOGISTICS ROUTE
Logistic corridors are often described as technical structures shaped by economic or engineering choices. We look at them as systems that include people, environments, and technologies that influence movement and exchange. We introduce the Migration Layers Corridor Model (MLCM). In this model, a corridor functions as a living system formed through interactions between natural dynamics, infrastructure, socio-economic relations, and ongoing green and digital transformations. For this research, the Danube-Black Sea Canal was used as a case study. Political and environmental decisions shaped the existence of this canal, and it has now acquired its role as a logistic corridor. The MLCM includes four layers: the Natural-Hydrological layer, the Built Infrastructure layer, the Socio-Economic and Logistics layer and the Green-Digital Resilience layer. The assessment of these layers provides a comprehensive picture of how human, material, ecological and technological movements shape a corridor. The model supports planning practices and can be used in the decision-making process. It can become an example for research on other corridors. The research results can be used for strategic, circular economy and infrastructure decisions in the logistics chain.
THE ROLE OF UPGRADING CONTAINER TERMINAL OPERATING SYSTEM (TOS) ON ENHANCING OPERATIONAL PROCESS OF ADEN CONTAINER TERMINAL
Purpose: This research examines the role of upgrading the Terminal Operating System (TOS) at Aden Container Terminal, focusing on the transition from Zodiac version 5.2, in use since 2009, to the latest version 8 currently adopted in advanced DP World-operated ports, including Jebel Ali Terminal (C3). Zodiac is an integrated digital platform consisting of multiple subsystems and operational modules covering ship planning, yard management, gate operations, billing, and cargo traceability. The upgraded version introduces enhanced automation features, improved berth and yard planning capabilities, and optimized crane scheduling, all of which are expected to improve handling efficiency, operational transparency, and safety standards. Research approach: The research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to assess the potential impact of upgrading the Zodiac Terminal Operating System at Aden Container Terminal. The current operational environment, system capabilities, and expected performance enhancements are described based on available technical documentation and operational reports. A SWOT analytical framework is applied to evaluate strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with the system upgrade, providing a structured analysis of its anticipated operational implications. Research Originality: The research is considered the first empirical study that identifies challenges encountered during the implementation of the new upgrade of the Zodiac system at the Aden container terminal and its effect on the operational process in the terminal for the year 2025. Research Findings: The findings indicate that upgrading the TOS will significantly reduce vessel and container turnaround times, lower operational costs, optimize resource utilization, and improve service reliability. Additionally, the upgrade supports environmental sustainability objectives, aligning with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
SUSTAINABILITY, RESILIENCE, AND COMPETITIVENESS OF THE SUEZ CANAL ROUTE FOR FAR EAST–EUROPE CONTAINERSHIPS IN THE CONTEXT OF IMO REGULATIONS 2025 AND THE RED SEA CRISIS
The Suez Canal (SC) serves as a critical maritime corridor linking Asia and Europe, yet its operational and environmental competitiveness relative to alternative routes, such as the Cape of Good Hope (COGH), remains under pressure during geopolitical crises. This study employs a comparative analytical approach to evaluate the economic and environmental performance of 14,000- TEU containerships transiting between Shanghai and Rotterdam during the ongoing Red Sea crisis and International Maritime Organization regulations 2025. Total shipping costs, including fuel, canal fees, war-risk premiums, capital and operating costs, and inventory-carrying costs, were analyzed alongside CO2 emissions to assess overall competitiveness. Additionally, the influence of Suez Canal Authority rebate schemes such as Circulars no. 3/2025 and 8/2023, on route attractiveness was quantified using a composite competitiveness index (CI) that integrates economic and environmental dimensions. Results indicate that the SC route provides substantial financial advantages, particularly on the head-haul leg, achieving total round-trip savings of approximately $3.16 million despite Canal fees and war-risk premiums. Environmentally, the SC reduces fuel consumption by 1,856 tons per voyage, lowering CO2 emissions by 5,780 tons, corresponding to $578,000 in potential carbon cost savings. The CI confirms that the SC route is consistently more competitive than the COGH route across head-haul, back-haul, and round-trips for Far East – Europe trade route. These findings highlight the strategic, economic, and environmental benefits of the SC and underscore the importance of incentive schemes and operational planning in maintaining maritime resilience during crises.
THE EFFECT OF DEEP EXCAVATION ON THE ADJACENT BUILDINGS
Excavation activities are essential to access foundation levels in construction projects. However, when such operations occur near existing buildings, they can pose significant risks to adjacent structures. Uncontrolled excavation may lead to ground movements that compromise the structural integrity of nearby facilities. This study investigates the impact of deep excavation on surrounding buildings through a series of parametric analyses, aiming to provide insight into safe design strategies. A total of 20 numerical case studies were developed using PLAXIS 2D finite element software under the Mohr-Coulomb model. All cases involved a two-layer soil profile—an upper cohesionless layer overlying a cohesive stratum—with the groundwater table artificially lowered to the excavation base level to simulate dewatering. The cases were grouped to examine the influence of: (1) increasing excavation depth; (2) varying cohesive strength of the lower soil layer. Each scenario was evaluated under single and double strut configurations. Key results show that increasing the excavation depth significantly amplifies wall bending moments, lateral deflections, ground settlements, and strut reactions. For instance, in single-strut systems, a 57% increase in excavation depth led to a 136% rise in bending moment and a 53% increase in wall deflection. In double-strut systems, deeper struts experienced up to 483% increase in axial force, highlighting their sensitivity. Conversely, enhancing cohesive strength of the deep soil by 80% effectively reduced bending moments, displacements, and strut loads—though its influence diminishes at greater depths. The findings emphasize that excavation depth is the dominant factor influencing deformation and structural demand, while deep soil cohesion improvement is a practical mitigation strategy. Surface soil compaction, however, offers limited benefit. The research provides valuable guidance for optimizing excavation design to minimize adverse effects on adjacent buildings, especially by highlighting the critical performance of lower struts in multi-level support systems.
COGNITIVE LOAD AND ALGORITHMIC LITERACY: UPSKILLING GIG WORKERS FOR SMART AND GREEN LOGISTICS CORRIDORS
The rapid digitalization of global logistics, coupled with the transition toward smart and environmentally sustainable logistics corridors, has significantly reshaped the landscape of last-mile delivery. Increasingly, this critical segment of supply chain depends on gig-based workers, often engaged through platforms such as food delivery apps and ride-hailing services. These workers operate within highly digitized ecosystems where algorithmic systems dictate task allocation. While such technologies promise efficiency, they increase workers’ cognitive load and hinder their ability to meaningfully interact with these technologies. Emerging sustainability mandates require gig workers to develop new forms of algorithmic literacy, digital competency, and environmental delivery practices. This paper examines how cognitive load affects gig workers’ ability to adapt to smart and green logistics corridors and proposes a conceptual model explaining how algorithmic literacy mediates the relationship between cognitive load and gig workers' capability for smart and green logistics corridors. Building on insights from research in the gig economy, human–algorithm interaction, sustainable logistics, and cognitive psychology, the paper highlights algorithmic literacy as an essential competency for preparing workers to thrive in future gig logistics systems. The proposed model positions cognitive load as a key barrier to upskilling readiness and highlights the role of algorithmic literacy and capability for smart and green logistics corridors. This study offers theoretical insights and practical recommendations for policymakers, platform companies, and logistics educators seeking to prepare gig workers for an increasingly digital and sustainable logistics environment.
Systems Engineering for Leagile Ship Repair: An Arctic Experimental Study
Global trade increasingly relies on maritime transport, and Arctic shipping routes— linking the Atlantic and Pacific via the Northern Sea Route—are emerging as strategic corridors, projected to handle 10–15% of global maritime trade by mid-century. As competition intensifies between major players such as China, Russia, and the ICE Pact (a trilateral partnership between the United States, Canada and Finland), Arctic shipyards must be strategically positioned to offer timely, efficient, and high-quality ship repairservices. These capabilities are critical to enhancing operational continuity and increasing the competitiveness of Arctic shipping operations. Despite investments in specialised icebreaker fleets, the demand for robust, adaptive, and digitally enabled ship repair services remains urgent. Ship repair operations are inherently unpredictable, often disrupted by changing inspection outcomes and shifting customer requirements. These uncertainties can severely affect scheduling, resource allocation, and production planning—posing risks to continuous Arctic operations. To address these challenges, this study proposes an integrated Leagile strategy that combines Lean principles for efficiency with Agile practices for flexibility. Central to this strategy is the use of SysML (Systems Modelling Language) to structure, model, and support system-wide decision-making and process optimisation across a ship repair shipyard, achieving time efficiency and cost benefits. A usage of an experimental case study to demonstrate the practical application of this approach The integration of Leagile practices with SysML modelling offers a robust framework for navigating the complex demands of Arctic ship repair. This approach enhances responsiveness to disruptions, improves planning accuracy, and minimises non-value-added activities. It also strengthens collaboration across technical and managerial domains, supporting a more synchronised and data-driven operation. In summary, the proposed Leagile structure through SysML enables Arctic shipyards to deliver faster, more innovative, and more resilient repair services. This positions them as vital enablers of uninterrupted Arctic shipping, advancing both regional capabilities and global maritime resilience.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF A CONTAINER TERMINAL AND A MULTIPURPOSE TERMINAL AT ABU QIR PORT
This paper provides a structural comparative analysis between a container terminal quay wall with a 22 m draft and a multipurpose terminal quay wall with a 17 m draft, both located at Abu Qir Port, Alexandria, Egypt. New Abu Qir Port hosts 6,250 m of quay walls with a draft of 22 m and 650 m of quay walls with a draft of 17 m. The front wall of both quay walls is a combined wall structural system, comprised of tubular steel piles encasing a reinforced concrete bored pile connected by steel sheet piles. The anchor system of the container terminal quay wall is two intermediate reinforced concrete bored piles and a reinforced concrete barrette pile, while the anchor system of the multipurpose terminal quay wall is a barrette pile. The comparative analysis focuses on the anticipated performance of both structural systems since the containership quay wall terminal is typically subject to higher loads due to the crane wheel load and corresponding earth pressure load. The comparative analysis demonstrates how the structure system can be modified in terms of pile tip levels and anchor piles configuration and how each quay wall structural system responds to the operational loads in terms of deformations and straining actions. The analysis was performed using PLAXIS 3D V21 to conduct a three-dimensional numerical model. The study emphasizes the need for an infrastructure resilience capable of safely accommodating varying operational demands with cost effectiveness.
THE ROLE OF GREEN REVERSE LOGISTICS IN ENHANCING SUSTAINABLE SUPPLY CHAIN PRACTICE: AN APPLIED STUDY ON EGYPT SEA PORTS
This study investigates the relationship between Green Reverse Logistics (GRL) practices and Sustainable Supply Chain (SSC) performance in Egyptian maritime ports, addressing a notable gap in sustainability research in developing economies. Design/Methodology/Approach: A cross-sectional survey of 297 logistics and operations professionals at Alexandria Port was conducted using validated measures for four GRL dimensions (recycling technologies, waste management, smart transportation, and inventory management) and three SSC dimensions (environmental, social, and economic practices). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlations, and multiple regression. Findings: GRL implementation is strongly associated with SSC performance (R² = 0.553, p < 0.001). All GRL dimensions significantly predict SSC outcomes, with recycling technologies exerting the greatest influence (β = 0.611, p < 0.001), followed by smart transportation (β = 0.201), waste management (β = 0.199), and inventory management (β = 0.143). Individual dimensions showed non-significant effects when tested separately, indicating synergistic rather than independent operational impacts. Research Limitations/Implications: The study's single-port, cross-sectional design limits generalizability and causal interpretation. Future research should adopt longitudinal, multi-port approaches and examine potential mediators within GRL-SSC relationships. Practical Implications: Findings highlight the need for integrated GRL strategies in Egyptian ports. Policymakers should prioritize recycling infrastructure while supporting phased implementation plans that reflect financial and institutional constraints. Originality/Value: This study offers rare empirical evidence on GRL-SSC linkages in a developing maritime context, providing actionable, context-specific insights for Egyptian seaports and other emerging market logistics hubs.
CHARTING THE RESEARCH LANDSCAPE OF SUSTAINABLE MARITIME LOGISTICS: A BIBLIOMETRIC REVIEW
The current global context, defined by accelerated digitalisation, pressure for sustainability, and the need for resilience in supply chains, has fundamentally transformed the field of maritime transport. Consequently, this study aims to map the academic landscape of sustainable maritime transport through a bibliometric analysis and to compare these findings with a concurrent analysis of industry practices. We analyzed a sample of 763 documents and a set of recent industry and policy reports from major European ports and international bodies. A strategic fusion of disciplines was identified, with a dominant presence of categories focused on the environment and sustainability. This interdisciplinarity is fueled by an intensification of global collaboration, with the People's Republic of China consolidating its central position. The analysis also revealed a growing interest in cutting-edge topics like digitalisation, systemic resilience, and decarbonisation. By comparing research and practice, we found strong convergence on these themes, while also identifying gaps where academia is more advanced (e.g., AI/ML, blockchain) or where industry priorities remain underexplored. By mapping these trends and their alignment, the study provides a solid knowledge base for researchers and practitioners, helping to identify research gaps and to inform future directions of study.
LOGISTICS EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS OF MEDITERRANEAN CONTAINER TERMINALS: A DEA AND SFA COMPARISON OF PORT SAID EAST, TANGIER MED AND PIRAEUS
This research investigates the operational efficacy of Mediterranean container terminals. This research examines the obstacles to regional competitiveness encountered by Port Said East (Egypt), Tangier Med (Morocco), and Piraeus (Greece), which are attributable to the Red Sea crisis and concurrent transformations in global supply chains. This research assesses the operational efficacy of three Mediterranean container terminals Port Said East, Tangier Med, and Piraeus to examine regional competitiveness challenges in the context of the Red Sea crisis and evolving supply chain dynamics. Building upon the work of Cullinane et al. (2006), thisresearch employs frontier methodologies to detect performance deficiencies, with a particular focus on infrastructure and digitization to improve globalization and logistics performance rankings. A quantitative case research methodology was adopted, incorporating Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) utilizing CCR and BCC models, in conjunction with Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA). Cross-sectional data pertaining to the year 2024 were obtained from port authorities and World Bank reports, evaluating variables such as quay length, crane capacity, and terminal area in relation to TEU throughput. Hypotheses validated the positive effect of infrastructure on productivity. Following a $500 million expansion, Port Said East achieved full operational efficiency (CCR: 1.0, BCC: 1.0) in 2024, processing 4.44 million TEU. It is ranked as the third-best port globally according to CPPI. Tangier Med achieved a score of 1.0 in both models, with a total of 10.24 million TEU across the complex, ranking fifth. Piraeus exhibited operational inefficiencies (CCR: 0.78, BCC: 0.85) attributable to scalability challenges, processing 4.79 million TEUs. This research introduces an innovative post-crisis DEA/SFA approach applied to Mediterranean ports, incorporating sustainability considerations. Limitations encompass dependence on secondary data and a cross-sectional design, which may potentially overlook dynamic processes. The research encourage private sector collaborations and the adoption of automation to enhance operational efficiency. In addition, it Promotes employment generation and decrease emissions to support regional stability.
AI-DRIVEN COST ESTIMATION FOR MARINE STEEL IN TUGBOAT CONSTRUCTION
Accurate cost estimation for new tugboat construction is a critical challenge in the shipbuilding industry, where conventional methods based on historical data fail to account for the real price at real time because of volatility of key materials. The paper addresses this gap by developing a data-driven framework for marine steel, a primary cost driver, which leverages a specialized Artificial Intelligence (AI) model. The research aims to enhance the application of advanced digital technologies in shipbuilding to support design, assembly, and logistical planning processes within shipyards. The framework, built using Python, features a Graphical User Interface (GUI). Through this interface, the system accepts internal project data from the shipyard and integrates it with live market data synthesized from the real-time web aggregation capabilities. This combined dataset, including steel plate specifications, supplier origin, certification, and logistics, is processed to calculate the true landed cost and automatically generate detailed cost reports. The model was applied to a tugboat construction case study in the Middle East. The AI-driven framework demonstrated a significant improvement in estimation accuracy compared to conventional methods, where the program can save about 20% for steel plates and 13% for steel stiffeners compared with the actual case study. It successfully enabled dynamic cost benchmarking of suppliers all over the world, while substantially reducing the time required to generate detailed steel cost breakdowns. The findings confirm that AI- enabled integration with e-marketplace data provides a practical solution for enhancing budgetary reliability, strengthening procurement strategies. Integrating these technologies contributes to more efficient review processes and reducing rework rates and achieving time and cost savings.
DYNAMIC DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS: CUSTOMIZING RAG KNOWLEDGE BASES FOR SPECIFIC MARITIME MISSIONS
Maritime operations of long-haul transoceanic voyages frequently face a connectivity desert, where leveraging cloud-based Artificial Intelligence is prohibited due to the absence or high expenses of satellite internet. This paper discusses a new Mission- and Polar-Specific Offline Retrieval-Augmented Generation framework that aims to provide crews with high-fidelity, localized decision support. Unlike generic AI models, the proposed system will be dynamically ingesting a curated corpus comprising vessel-specific technical manuals, cargo-specific Material Safety Data Sheets, and route-specific maritime regulations. The architecture leverages Edge AI by deploying quantized Large Language Models and vector databases on ruggedized onboard hardware, ensuring sub-second inference latency without any external connectivity. To solve the challenge of data freshness during long isolation periods, we have proposed a Hybrid Synchronization Mechanism that enables "delta-vector" updates-transmitting only critical new embeddings through low-bandwidth satellite links to keep local knowledge bases current with minimum data overhead. We show evidence that this framework significantly reduces the cognitive load on officers and engineers and increases operational safety and autonomy. This study concludes that mission-tailored RAG systems are a crucial step toward the digital transformation of resilient and autonomous maritime transport.
AI-, DIGITAL-TWIN-, AND QUANTUM-ENABLED ROLLING-HORIZON OPTIMIZATION FOR YARD ALLOCATION AND GATE APPOINTMENT COMPLIANCE IN MODULAR CONTAINER TERMINALS
Container terminals operate under increasingly tight capacity, energy, and service-level constraints, while facing growing uncertainty in arrival patterns, handling operations, and hinterland interactions. This paper proposes a hybrid decision-support framework that integrates advanced Artificial Intelligence techniques, Digital Twin modeling, and quantum-inspired optimization to address yard planning and operational optimization in container terminals. The core problem is formulated as a block-to-area assignment under soft and hard capacity constraints, priority rules, and rolling-horizon forecasts. The problem is mapped to a Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) formulation and solved using both classical and quantum-inspired approaches, including the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA). Two alternative modeling strategies are investigated: a one-hot encoding with deterministic feasibility repair, and a feasibility-by-design binary encoding that reduces the number of decision variables and enforces assignment constraints structurally. A Digital Twin of the container yard acts as a truth model and constraint oracle, translating abstract optimization decisions into operational Key Performance Indicators such as reshuffling effort, crane interference, and truck waiting times. Computational experiments on a modular yard scenario highlight the trade-offs between encoding choice, feasibility, solution quality, and computational cost under time-bounded quantum-inspired optimization. The results demonstrate that quantum-inspired methods can effectively support combinatorial decision-making in port operations when combined with appropriate encodings and simulation-based validation. Rather than replacing existing planning tools, the proposed framework positions quantum optimization as a complementary accelerator within a scalable, explainable, and industry-ready Digital Twin-based decision-support architecture.